Cellulases in the Biofuel Industry discusses how the properties of cellulases affects the quality of the biofuels produced. Heralded as the solution to humanity’s energy problem and the savior of the world’s climate, extensive research is being carried out on biofuels but there are still gaps in our understanding. This book presents cost-effective and current scenarios for cellulase production in the biofuel industry, including the most recent advancements for obtaining cellulases with higher activity on pre-treated biomass substrates by screening and sequencing new organisms, engineering cellulases with improved properties, and by identifying proteins that can stimulate cellulases.
The mechanism and efficiency of the cellulase enzyme system on cellulose is discussed with the specific classification of each cellulase enzyme, as well as explanations of the limitation of cellulases in terms of their production processes, efficiency and practical applications to biofuels. Various approaches to improve the production and efficiency of the cellulase enzyme system are evaluated, along with the current limitations that are hampering cost-effective production of cellulase and guidance on how these limitations might be resolved.
Author(s): Pratima Bajpai
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 258
City: Amsterdam
Cover
Cellulases in the Biofuel Industry
Preface
List of tables
List of figures
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
1 Background
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Bioenergy and biofuels
1.3 Biomass
1.4 Cellulase enzyme
References
Relevant Websites
2 Worldwide scenario of biofuel production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Status of biofuel production
2.2.1 United States
2.2.2 Brazil
2.2.3 European Union
2.2.4 Argentina
2.2.5 China
2.2.6 Australia
2.2.7 Canada
2.2.8 Thailand
2.2.9 Japan
2.2.10 India
References
Relevant websites
3 Generations of biofuels
3.1 Introduction
3.2 First generation biofuels
3.3 Second generation biofuels
3.4 Third generation biofuels
3.5 Fourth generation biofuels
References
Relevant websites
4 Challenges to biofuel production
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Challenges in lignocellulosic biomass conversion to biofuels/biochemicals
4.2.1 Feedstock production and logistics
4.2.2 Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment
4.2.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis
4.2.4 Microbial fermentation and biomass
4.2.5 Biofuel cost
4.2.6 Water recycling
4.2.7 Generation of coproducts
4.2.8 Energy and environmental issues
References
Relevant websites
Further reading
5 Current production status of cellulases and challenges
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production of cellulases
5.2.1 Submerged fermentations
5.2.2 Solid-state fermentation
5.2.3 Sequential solid-state fermentation and submerged fermentation
5.2.4 Use of mixed cultures
References
Further reading
6 Cellulase market scenario
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Market scenario
References
Relevant websites
7 Roles of cellulases in cellulose hydrolysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cellulase enzyme systems for cellulose hydrolysis
7.2.1 Endoglucanase
7.2.2 Exoglucanase
7.2.3 β-Glucosidase
7.2.4 Other cellulases and accessory proteins
7.3 Synergy among cellulose degrading system
References
Further reading
8 Cellulases for biofuels production
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioethanol production
8.2.1 Pretreatment
8.2.2 Hydrolysis
8.2.3 Fermentation
8.2.4 Distillation
8.3 Factors affecting bioethanol production
8.4 Important developments in the production of cellulosic ethanol
8.4.1 Case study
8.4.1.1 Project ABBK in Hugoton, Kansas, USA
8.4.1.2 Clariant sunliquid plant Podari, Romania
8.4.1.3 Praj’s second generation (2G) cellulosic ethanol plant
8.5 Other biofuels made by assistance from enzymes
References
Relevant websites
Further reading
9 Advanced developments in production processes of cellulases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Advanced development in production processes of cellulases
References
Further reading
10 Cellulases and auxiliary enzymes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cellulases
10.2.1 Cellobiohydrolase
10.2.2 endo-1,4-β-Glucanase
10.2.3 β-Glucosidase
10.2.4 Cellulase auxiliary enzymes
References
Further reading
11 Approaches to enhance cellulase production to improve biomass hydrolysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Thermostable cellulases
11.3 Isolation and screening of efficient thermostable cellulase producing fungi
11.4 Enhancement of thermal and pH stability of cellulases in the presence of nanomaterials
11.5 Recombinant DNA technology for increasing cellulase activity and efficacy
11.6 Use of suitable carbon source and necessity of pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
11.7 Optimization of medium and process parameters using statistical methods for improved production of cellulases
11.8 Improvements in production of cellulases via microbial fermentation processes
11.9 Microbial co-production of other important enzymes for the overall economy of the process
References
12 Future prospects
12.1 Feedstock production
12.2 Feedstock logistics
12.3 Biofuels production
12.4 Biofuels distribution
12.5 Biofuels end use
References
Relevant websites
Further reading
Index
