Cell Fate in Mammalian Development

Cell Fate in Mammalian Development
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Copyright
Contributors
Introduction
Cell Polarity-Dependent Regulation of Cell Allocation and the First Lineage Specification in the Preimplanta ...
Introduction
Models for Early Lineage Specification in the Preimplantation Mouse Embryo
The Inside-Outside Model
The Cell Polarity Model
Compaction and Polarization: Two Key Morphogenetic Events Influencing the Formation of Outer/Inner Cells
Asymmetric Division and the Establishment of the Outer/Inner Configuration of Polar/Apolar Cells
Activation of Lineage-Specific Genetic Programs in the Outer/Inner Cells to Form the TE and ICM Lineages
How Do the Cells Within the Embryo Sense Their Position to Properly Regulate Hippo Signaling?
Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Cell Fate Decisions During Preimplantation Mammalian Development
Introduction
Gene Knockouts Pave the Way to Understand Cell Fate Decisions
Different Patterns of TF Expression Levels
Gene Expression Dynamics
TF Intracellular Transport Dynamics
TF Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Shuttling in Embryos
Cell-to-Cell Variability in the Early Embryo
TF-DNA Binding Dynamics in the Embryo
Epigenetic Regulation
Additional Levels of Gene Regulation
How Gene Regulation Impacts on Cell Shape and Position
Acknowledgments
References
Our First Choice: Cellular and Genetic Underpinnings of Trophectoderm Identity and Differentiation in the M ...
Heterogeneity Emergence in the Mouse Embryo
The TE Gene Regulatory Network
Establishment of TE Fate
Plasticity During Lineage Segregation
Recapitulating TE Identity in Culture
TE Derivatives and Their Role in the Postimplantation Embryo
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Primitive Endoderm Differentiation: From Specification to Epithelialization
Introduction
Generation of Trophectoderm and Inner Cell Mass Cell Lineages
Regulation of the Epi/PrE Specification
Mechanism for Salt and Pepper Pattern Propagation
Induction of Epi/PrE Specification
PrE Maturation Through the FGF Pathway
Other Signaling Pathways Involved in PrE Maturation and Maintenance
Cell Sorting and PrE Epithelialization at the Late Blastocyst Stage
The PrE Derivatives: The Visceral and the Parietal Endoderm
Conclusion
References
The Regulative Nature of Mammalian Embryos
Introduction
Blastomere Potency to Give Rise to the Whole Organism
Compensation for the Loss: Embryo Splitting as a Proof of Totipotency and Plasticity of Blastomeres
Monozygotic Multiplets: Proof of Totipotency of Blastomeres in Nature
Blastomeres of the Cleaving Embryo-Morphologically Identical, yet Molecularly Distinct
Potency of Blastomeres to Multilineage Differentiation
Complementation Experiments and Blastomere Potency
The Disaggregation-Reaggregation Approach and Blastomere Potency
Isolation of ICM as a Test of Its Potency to Regenerate TE
Various Ways to Study Potency of Human Blastomeres
Potency of Blastomeres to Generate Chimeras: Breaking Interspecies Barriers
Naturally Occurring Mammalian Chimeras
ESCs-An in vitro Reflection of Embryonic Plasticity and Potency
Mechanisms Underlying Plasticity of Blastomeres and Embryos
The First Cell Fate Decision: The Central Role of Hippo Signaling Pathway
The Second Cell Fate Decision: The Role of Fgf4/Map Kinase Signaling Pathway
The Transition From Totipotency to Pluripotency
From Theory to Practice: Potential and Real Benefits of Embryo Plasticity
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
States and Origins of Mammalian Embryonic Pluripotency In Vivo and in a Dish
Derivation and Characterization of Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
Alternative Stem Cell States
Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines From Nonrodent Mammals: Common and Divergent Properties
Use of Chimeras to Determine Naïve State: Successes and Limitations
Properties of Blastocysts From Different Species: Morphological and Transcriptional Overlap and Divergence
Overcoming Developmental Progression to Promote Epiblast Self-renewal
The Pig as a Model System for Human Development
Acknowledgments
References
Capturing and Interconverting Embryonic Cell Fates in a Dish
Introduction
Mechanisms Repressing TS Cell Fate in ES Cells
Reprogramming and the TS Cell Lineage Barrier
Mechanisms Repressing XEN Cell Fate in ES Cells
Cell-Intrinsic Repression of XEN Cell Fate in Pluripotent Cells
Reprogramming Somatic Cells to XEN-Like Cells
In Search of a Totipotent Cell Line
Acknowledgments
References
From Germline to Soma: Epigenetic Dynamics in the Mouse Preimplantation Embryo
Oocyte-to-Embryo Transition
Epigenetics
DNA Methylation
DNA Methylation Dynamics: Easy Come-Easy Go?
DNA Methylation Dynamics in the Early Embryo
What Is Going on?
Maintenance in the Light of Reprogramming: Imprinting and Beyond
Histone Modifications
Chromatin States and Changes in Germ Cells and Early Embryos
H3K27me3
H3K4me3
H3K9me3
Other Histone Marks and Their Dynamic Changes
Functional Analysis of Histone Marks Through Effector Manipulations
Coda
References
Pre-gastrula Development of Non-eutherian Mammals
Introduction
The Evolution of Amniote Development
Oviparity to Viviparity in Mammals
Mammalian Phylogeny and Model Species
Overview of Monotreme Development
Early Monotreme Development
Fetal Membranes and Placentation
Overview of Marsupial Development
From Ovulation to Birth
Cleavage and Deutoplasmolysis
Pluriblast-Trophoblast Segregation
Terms and Definitions
Pluriblast-Trophoblast Segregation in Monotremes
Pluriblast-Trophoblast Segregation in Marsupials
The Evolution of Pluriblast-Trophoblast Segregation in Mammals
Epiblast-Hypoblast Segregation
Epiblast-Hypoblast Segregation in Eutherians
Epiblast-Hypoblast Segregation in Monotremes
Epiblast-Hypoblast Segregation in Marsupials
Axes and Asymmetry
Embryonic-Abembryonic (Dorsoventral) Axis
Anteroposterior Axis
Discussion: Homologies Among Vertebrates in Lineage Specification and Regulation of Potency
Glossary
References
Pre-implantation Development of Domestic Animals
Introduction
Timing of Preimplantation Development
Embryonic Genome Activation
Metabolic Requirements of Preimplantation Mammalian Embryos
First Cell Fate Decision-Specification of Inner Cell Mass and Trophectoderm
Specification of Epiblast and Hypoblast in Mammalian Blastocyst
FGF/MEK Pathway in Specification of Epiblast and Hypoblast
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Human Pre-gastrulation Development
Stages of Preimplantation Development
Fertilization and Cleavage
Blastulation and Implantation
Regulating Gene Expression During Human Preimplantation Development
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
Activating Embryonic Gene Expression
Lineage-Specific Gene Expression Patterns
The Role of Extracellular Signaling Networks
Modeling Human Pregastrulation Development In Vitro
Stem Cell Lines From Preimplantation Embryos
In Vitro Implantation Models
Conclusions
References
The Mitochondria and the Regulation of Cell Fitness During Early Mammalian Development
Introduction
Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Shape in the Early Embryo
Mitochondrial DNA and Selection for Optimal Mitochondrial Performance
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Early Embryogenesis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
OXPHOS-Independent Roles of Mitochondrial Metabolites
Impact of the Mitochondria on the Maintenance of the Reducing/Oxidizing (Redox) Balance
Mitochondrial Control of Apoptotic Cell Death During Early Embryogenesis
Regulation of Apoptotic Response
Importance of Mitochondrial-Induced Apoptosis in the Early Embryo
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
The Head´s Tale: Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation in the Mouse Embryo
Introduction: Formation of the Egg Cylinder
Signaling Centers That Pattern the Epiblast
Extraembryonic Ectoderm
Posterior Visceral Endoderm
The Role of the AVE in A-P Axis Formation
The Formation of the DVE
What Controls the Direction of AVE Cell Migration?
What Is the Mechanism of AVE Cell Migration?
Conclusion
References