CCNP ONT Student Guide Version 1.0 vol.1-2

Optimizing Converged Cisco Networks......Page 1
ONT10SG_TOC_Vol_1.doc......Page 2
Learner Skills and Knowledge......Page 10
Course Goal and Objectives......Page 12
Course Flow......Page 13
Cisco Glossary of Terms......Page 14
Your Training Curriculum......Page 15
Module Objectives......Page 18
Objectives......Page 20
Intelligent Information Network......Page 21
Cisco SONA Framework......Page 22
Cisco SONA Layers......Page 23
Cisco Enterprise Architectures......Page 24
Cisco Hierarchical Network Model......Page 26
Example: Enterprise Network......Page 27
Network Traffic Mix and Requirements......Page 28
Example: Converged Network......Page 29
References......Page 30
Module Summary......Page 31
Module Self-Check......Page 32
Module Objectives......Page 34
Objectives......Page 36
Benefits of Packet Telephony Networks......Page 37
Packet Telephony Components......Page 39
Two Basic Methods for VoIP......Page 40
Analog Interfaces......Page 41
Digital Interfaces......Page 43
Stages of a Phone Call......Page 44
Distributed Call Control......Page 45
Centralized Call Control......Page 47
Summary......Page 49
Objectives......Page 50
Basic Voice Encoding: Converting Analog to Digital......Page 51
Analog-to-Digital Conversion Steps......Page 52
Basic Voice Encoding: Converting Digital to Analog......Page 53
Digital-to-Analog Conversion Steps......Page 54
The Nyquist Theorem......Page 55
Example: Sampling of Voice......Page 56
Quantization......Page 57
Quantization Techniques......Page 58
Example: Quantization of Voice......Page 59
Digital Voice Encoding......Page 60
Compression Bandwidth Requirements......Page 61
Mean Opinion Score......Page 62
What Is a DSP?......Page 63
Example: DSP Used for Conferencing......Page 64
Example: Transcoding Between Low-Bandwidth Codecs Used in the WAN and a Voice-Mail System Supporting Only G.711......Page 65
Summary......Page 66
Objectives......Page 68
Voice Transport in Circuit-Based Networks......Page 69
Voice Transport in IP Networks......Page 70
Explaining Protocols Used in Voice Encapsulation......Page 71
Voice Encapsulation Examples......Page 72
Example: Encapsulation of G.729-Coded Voice......Page 73
Voice Encapsulation Overhead......Page 74
cRTP Operation......Page 75
Example: cRTP with G.711, with UDP Checksum......Page 76
When to Use RTP Header Compression......Page 77
Summary......Page 78
Objectives......Page 80
Impact of Voice Samples and Packet Size on Bandwidth......Page 81
Bandwidth Implications of Codecs......Page 82
How the Packetization Period Affects VoIP Packet Size and Rate......Page 83
VoIP Packet Size and Packet Rate Examples......Page 85
Data-Link Overhead......Page 86
Security and Tunneling Overhead......Page 87
Extra Headers in Security and Tunneling Protocols......Page 88
Example: VoIP over IPsec VPN......Page 89
Calculating the Total Bandwidth for a VoIP Call......Page 90
Total Bandwidth Calculation Procedure......Page 91
Calculation of the Total Packet Size......Page 93
Summary......Page 94
Quick Bandwidth Calculation......Page 95
VAD Characteristics......Page 96
VAD Bandwidth Reduction Examples......Page 97
Summary......Page 98
Objectives......Page 100
Example of an Enterprise Voice Implementation......Page 101
Voice Gateway Functions on a Cisco Router......Page 102
Cisco Unified CallManager Functions......Page 104
Example of Cisco Unified CallManager Functions......Page 106
Enterprise IP Telephony Deployment Models......Page 107
Example: Single Site......Page 108
Example: Multisite with Centralized Call Processing......Page 109
Example: Multisite with Distributed Call Processing......Page 110
Example: Clustering over WAN......Page 111
Identifying Voice Commands in Cisco IOS Configurations......Page 112
What Is CAC?......Page 115
Example: CAC Deployment......Page 116
Summary......Page 117
Module Summary......Page 118
Module Self-Check......Page 119
Module Objectives......Page 124
Objectives......Page 126
Converged Network Quality Issues......Page 127
Available Bandwidth......Page 129
Bandwidth Availability......Page 130
Example: Efficient Use of Available Bandwidth......Page 132
End-to-End Delay......Page 133
The Impact of Delay on Quality......Page 134
Ways to Reduce Delay......Page 135
Example: Efficient Use of Ways to Reduce Delay......Page 137
Packet Loss......Page 138
Ways to Prevent Packet Loss......Page 140
Example: Packet Loss Solution......Page 141
QoS Defined......Page 142
Implementing QoS......Page 143
Identify Traffic and Its Requirements......Page 144
Example: Traffic Classification......Page 145
Example: Defining QoS Policies......Page 146
Summary......Page 147
Objectives......Page 148
QoS Models......Page 149
Best-Effort Model......Page 150
Benefits and Drawbacks......Page 151
IntServ Model......Page 152
IntServ Functions......Page 155
Benefits and Drawbacks......Page 156
Resource Reservation Protocol......Page 157
RSVP Operation......Page 159
Example: RSVP in Action......Page 160
DiffServ Model......Page 161
Benefits and Drawbacks......Page 162
Summary......Page 163
Objectives......Page 164
Methods for Implementing QoS Policy......Page 165
Legacy CLI......Page 166
Legacy CLI Usage Guidelines......Page 167
Legacy CLI Example......Page 168
Modular QoS CLI......Page 169
Modular QoS CLI Components......Page 170
Class Maps......Page 171
Configuring Class Maps......Page 172
ACLs for Traffic Classification......Page 173
Policy Maps......Page 174
Configuring Policy Maps......Page 175
Service Policy......Page 176
Attaching Service Policies to Interfaces......Page 177
MQC Example......Page 178
Basic Verification Commands......Page 180
Cisco AutoQoS......Page 181
The Features of Cisco AutoQoS......Page 183
Cisco AutoQoS Usage Guidelines......Page 184
Cisco AutoQoS Example......Page 185
Cisco SDM QoS Wizard......Page 187
QoS Features......Page 188
Getting Started with Cisco SDM......Page 189
Creation of a QoS Policy......Page 190
QoS Wizard......Page 191
Interface Selection......Page 192
QoS Policy Generation......Page 193
Command Delivery Status......Page 197
QoS Status......Page 198
QoS Implementation Methods Compared......Page 199
Summary......Page 200
Module Summary......Page 201
Module Self-Check......Page 202
Module Objectives......Page 206
Objectives......Page 208
Classification......Page 210
Marking......Page 211
Classification and Marking at the Link Layer......Page 212
Marking in MPLS......Page 214
DiffServ Model......Page 216
IP Precedence and DSCP Compatibility......Page 218
Per-Hop Behaviors......Page 219
EF PHB......Page 220
AF PHB......Page 221
DSCP Summary......Page 223
Mapping CoS to Network Layer QoS......Page 224
QoS Service Class Defined......Page 225
Example: Defining QoS Service Class......Page 226
Implementing QoS Policy Using a QoS Service Class......Page 227
Example: Application Service Classes......Page 229
Trust Boundaries......Page 232
Trust Boundaries: IP Phones and PCs......Page 234
Summary......Page 236
Objectives......Page 238
Network-Based Application Recognition......Page 239
NBAR Application Support......Page 241
Packet Description Language Module......Page 245
Protocol Discovery......Page 248
Configuring and Monitoring NBAR Protocol Discovery......Page 249
Configuring NBAR for Static Protocols......Page 251
Example......Page 253
Configuring Stateful NBAR for Dynamic Protocols......Page 254
Example: Classification of RTP Session......Page 258
References......Page 259
Objectives......Page 260
Congestion and Queuing......Page 261
Example: Congestion Caused by Speed Mismatch......Page 262
Example: Congestion Caused by Aggregation......Page 263
Queuing Algorithms......Page 264
Congestion and Queuing......Page 265
Queuing Algorithm Introduction......Page 266
FIFO......Page 267
Priority Queuing......Page 268
Round Robin......Page 270
Weighted Round Robin......Page 271
Router Queuing Components......Page 273
The Software Queue......Page 275
The Hardware Queue......Page 276
Congestion on Software Interfaces......Page 278
Summary......Page 279
Objectives......Page 280
Weighted Fair Queuing......Page 281
WFQ Architecture and Benefits......Page 282
WFQ Classification......Page 283
Finish Time......Page 285
Benefits and Drawbacks of WFQ......Page 286
Configuring and Monitoring WFQ......Page 287
Additional WFQ Configuration Parameters......Page 288
Monitoring WFQ......Page 289
Summary......Page 291
Objectives......Page 292
Describing Advanced Queuing Mechanisms......Page 293
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing......Page 294
CBWFQ Architecture and Benefits......Page 295
Classification......Page 296
Scheduling......Page 297
Available Bandwidth......Page 298
CBWFQ Benefits and Drawbacks......Page 299
Configuring and Monitoring CBWFQ......Page 300
Example: Configuration of WFQ Queuing for the Class-Default......Page 302
Example of CBWFQ......Page 303
Monitoring CBWFQ......Page 304
Low Latency Queuing......Page 306
LLQ Architecture and Benefits......Page 307
LLQ Benefits......Page 308
Configuring and Monitoring LLQ......Page 309
Monitoring LLQ......Page 312
Summary......Page 313
Objectives......Page 314
Managing Interface Congestion with Tail Drop......Page 315
Tail Drop Limitations......Page 316
TCP Synchronization......Page 317
TCP Delay, Jitter, and Starvation......Page 318
Random Early Detection......Page 319
RED Profiles......Page 320
RED Modes......Page 321
TCP Traffic Before and After RED......Page 322
Weighted Random Early Detection......Page 323
WRED Building Blocks......Page 325
Class-Based WRED......Page 326
WRED Profiles......Page 327
DSCP-Based WRED (Expedited Forwarding)......Page 328
Configuring CBWRED......Page 329
Changing the WRED Traffic Profile......Page 330
CBWFQ Using IP Precedence with CBWRED: Example......Page 332
WRED Profiles: DSCP-Based WRED (AF)......Page 334
Configuring DSCP-Based CBWRED......Page 335
Changing the WRED Traffic Profile......Page 336
CBWRED Using DSCP with CBWFQ: Example......Page 337
Monitoring CBWRED......Page 339
Summary......Page 340
Objectives......Page 342
Traffic Policing and Shaping Overview......Page 343
Why Use Policing?......Page 344
Why Use Shaping?......Page 345
Why Use Traffic Conditioners?......Page 346
Traffic Policing and Shaping: Example......Page 347
Policing vs. Shaping......Page 348
Measuring Traffic Rates......Page 349
Example: Token Bucket as a Piggy Bank......Page 350
Single Token Bucket Class-Based Policing......Page 351
Cisco IOS Traffic Policing and Shaping Mechanisms......Page 352
Cisco IOS Traffic-Shaping Mechanisms......Page 353
Applying Traffic Conditioners......Page 354
Summary......Page 355
Objectives......Page 356
Compression......Page 357
Link Efficiency Mechanisms......Page 359
Layer 2 Payload Compression......Page 361
Layer 2 Payload Compression Results......Page 362
Header Compression......Page 363
Header Compression Results......Page 365
Large Packets “Freeze Out” Voice on Slow WAN Links......Page 366
Link Fragmentation and Interleaving......Page 367
Applying Link Efficiency Mechanisms......Page 368
Example......Page 369
Summary......Page 370
Objectives......Page 372
Virtual Private Networks......Page 373
VPN Types......Page 374
Encryption Overview......Page 375
IPsec......Page 376
Implementing QoS with Preclassification......Page 377
QoS Preclassify Applications......Page 378
GRE Tunneling......Page 379
IPsec AH......Page 380
IPsec ESP......Page 381
QoS Preclassification Deployment Options......Page 382
Configuring QoS Preclassify......Page 384
Example......Page 385
Summary......Page 386
Objectives......Page 388
QoS SLAs......Page 389
Enterprise Network with Traditional Layer 2 Service......Page 390
Enterprise Network with IP Service......Page 391
Know the SLA Offered by Your Service Provider......Page 392
Typical SLA Requirements for Voice......Page 393
Deploying End-to-End QoS......Page 394
Enterprise Campus QoS Implementations......Page 396
Campus Access and Distribution Layer QoS Implementation......Page 398
WAN Edge QoS Implementations......Page 400
Traffic Leaving Enterprise Network......Page 401
Traffic Leaving Service Provider Network......Page 403
Example: Managed Customer Edge with Three Service Classes......Page 405
WAN Edge Design......Page 407
Customer Edge-to-Provider Edge QoS for Frame Relay Access: Customer Edge Outbound......Page 408
Customer Edge-to-Provider Edge QoS for Frame Relay Access: Provider Edge Inbound......Page 410
What Is CoPP?......Page 411
Cisco Router Planes......Page 412
CoPP Policy and MQC......Page 413
CoPP Example......Page 414
Summary......Page 415
Module Summary......Page 416
Module Self-Check......Page 418
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