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Causal Factors for Wetland Management and Restoration: A Concise Guide

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This book presents 12 effective methods to manage wetlands for conservation. It offers a tool box of causal factors that can be used to protect and restore wetlands to enhance biological diversity and other functions. Each causal factor is introduced, briefly explained, and then illuminated with selected examples from around the world.

The book provides a prioritized shopping list of methods for protecting and restoring wetlands. The three first and most important causal factors are flooding, fertility, and natural disturbance. Then nine other causal factors are introduced, including herbivory, sedimentation, roads, invasive species, and coarse woody debris. Each causal factor is carefully linked to the scientific literature and explained using the author’s own experience. The same list of 12 causal factors applies around the world―whether you are managing a temperate zone floodplain, a tropical peatland, a freshwater marsh, or a coastal mangrove swamp. Instead of hiring an expensive team of consultants, or pouring through hundreds of scientific papers, here is one concise guide to methods that can be immediately applied to benefit any wetland.

Professor Paul Keddy has spent more than 50 years studying wetlands, and writing and lecturing about the environmental factors that control them. He has published more than 150 scholarly papers, and won multiple scientific prizes. His book Wetland Ecology is widely used to teach the principles of wetland science. Causal Factors for Wetland Management: A Concise Guide has a much simpler message: how to protect and enhance wetlands. In this concise guide, he has condensed a lifetime of experience into just 12 principles.

The book is aimed at all people who protect or restore wetlands: park managers, wildlife biologists, landscape architects, engineers, environmental consultants, environmental agencies, conservation authorities, and NGOs―as well as landowners and concerned citizens. Causal Factors for Wetland Management: A Concise Guide is essential reading for anyone who cares for wetlands and wild places.

Author(s): Paul A. Keddy
Series: Wetlands: Ecology, Conservation and Management, 8
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 162
City: Cham

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction to Wetlands
1.1 What Is a Wetland?
1.2 Where Do Wetlands Occur?
1.3 The Six Basic Types of Wetlands
1.4 Three Other Approaches to Wetland Classification
1.4.1 A Global View
1.4.2 A Hydrogeomorphic View
1.4.3 A View Based on Water Sources
1.5 Ecoregions and Wetland Classification
References
Chapter 2: The Causal Factor Approach to Wetland Ecology
2.1 Causal Factors Are a Simplifying Tool for Wetland Ecology
2.2 The Importance of Multiple Working Hypotheses
2.3 Revisiting Protection and Restoration
References
Chapter 3: Duration of Flooding Is the Most Important Causal Factor
3.1 Flood Duration Controls Wetlands
3.2 Flooding Changes Wetland Soils
3.3 Flooding Is a Stress
3.4 How Plants Cope with Flooding
3.5 Flooding Has Secondary Effects
3.5.1 Secondary Effects in Swamps
3.5.2 Secondary Effects in Marshes
3.5.3 Secondary Effects in Peatlands
3.5.4 Secondary Effects in Aquatic Wetlands
3.6 Flooding Is the Main Causal Factor
References
Chapter 4: Flood Pulses
4.1 Changes in Water Level Are Natural in Lakes, Rivers, and Wetlands
4.2 Flood Pulses Are a Natural—And Necessary—Occurrence
4.3 Humans Are Interfering with Natural Flood Pulses
4.4 Flood Pulses Increase Marsh Area and Diversity: The Twin Limit Model
4.5 Flood Pulses Have Other Important Effects in Watersheds
4.6 Vernal Pools: A Special Case of a General Principle
References
Chapter 5: Fertility
5.1 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Control Fertility
5.2 Peatlands Have Relatively Low Fertility
5.3 The Everglades Have Extremely Low Fertility
5.4 Fertilization Threatens a Globally Imperiled Plant Species
5.5 Increased Fertility Causes Many Other Changes in Wetlands
References
Chapter 6: Natural Disturbance
6.1 Natural Disturbances Remove Biomass
6.1.1 Duration
6.1.2 Intensity
6.1.3 Frequency
6.1.4 Area
6.2 Fire Has Many Effects upon Wetlands
6.3 Natural Disturbance Is Common along Rivers
6.4 Animals Create Natural Disturbance
6.5 Wetlands Recover from Disturbance by Seeds and Rhizomes
6.6 Humans Have Big Effects When They Alter Natural Disturbances in Landscapes
References
Chapter 7: Competition
7.1 Competition Is a Biological Causal Factor
7.2 Large Clonal Plants Tend to Exclude Weaker Competitors
7.3 Competition Among Plants Drives Plant Succession
7.4 Competition Among Plants Changes Animal Habitat
References
Chapter 8: Herbivory
8.1 Herbivory Is a Biological Causal Factor
8.2 Hippopotamus in Tropical Wetlands
8.3 Snow Geese in Northern Marshes
8.4 Selective Grazing Can Increase or Decrease Diversity
8.5 Bottom-Up or Top-Down? The Biological Control of Herbivores
8.6 Large Herbivores Are Declining
8.7 Managing Herbivores May Require Case-by-Case Strategies
References
Chapter 9: Burial
9.1 Rates of Burial Vary with Wetland Type
9.2 Autogenic Burial Is Usually Rather Slow
9.3 Allogenic Burial Is Often Rapid and Builds Wetlands
9.4 Plants Can Often Regenerate After Burial
9.5 Animals Are Also Affected by Burial
References
Chapter 10: Salinity
10.1 Salinity Reduces the Species Pool
10.2 Salinity and Rising Sea Levels
10.3 Salinity and Facilitation
References
Chapter 11: Roads
11.1 Roads Are Everywhere, Expanding, and Increasing
11.2 The Direct Effect: Roads Kill Animals
11.3 Indirect Effects May Be More Important Than Roadkill
References
Chapter 12: Coarse Woody Debris
References
Chapter 13: Invasive Species Are an Emerging Causal Factor
13.1 Invasive Species Are a Global Threat to Biodiversity
13.2 Five Examples of Invasive Species
13.2.1 Burmese Python (Python bivittatus) in the Everglades
13.2.2 Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) in Swamps
13.2.3 Nutria or Coypu (Myocastor coypus) in Marshes
13.2.4 European Frog-Bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) in Aquatics
13.2.5 Giant Cane (Arundo donax) in Floodplains
13.3 Risk Assessment for Invasive Species
13.4 Dealing with Invasives
References
Chapter 14: Human Population Size
14.1 Human Population Size Drives Anthropogenic Impacts
Reference
Chapter 15: The Global Context for Wetland Protection and Restoration
15.1 Causal Factors Help Simplify Complexity
15.2 Putting the Pieces Together in a Global Network
References
Chapter 16: Some Review Questions for Managers
16.1 Protection
16.2 Restoration
Index