Catalytic Reactors presents several key aspects of reactor design in Chemical and Process Engineering. Starting with the fundamental science across a broad interdisciplinary field, this graduate level textbook offers a concise overview on reactor and process design for students, scientists and practitioners new to the field.
This book aims to collate into a comprehensive and well-informed work of leading researchers from north America, western Europe and south-east Asia. The editor and international experts discuss state-of-the-art applications of multifunctional reactors, biocatalytic membrane reactors, micro-flow reactors, industrial catalytic reactors, micro trickle bed reactors and multiphase catalytic reactors. The use of catalytic reactor technology is essential for the economic viability of the chemical manufacturing industry. The importance of Chemical and Process Engineering and efficient design of reactors are another focus of the book. Especially the combination of advantages from both catalysis and chemical reaction technology for optimization and intensification as essential factors in the future development of reactors and processes are discussed. Furthermore, options that can drastically influence reaction processes, e.g. choice of catalysts, alternative reaction pathways, mass and heat transfer effects, flow regimes and inherent design of catalytic reactors are reviewed in detail.
Focuses on the state-of-the-art applications of catalytic reactors and optimization in the design and operation of industrial catalytic reactors.
Insights into transfer of knowledge from laboratory science to industry.
For students and researchers in Chemical and Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, Industrial Catalysis and practising Engineers.
Catalysis is a fundamental concept in chemistry:90% of all processes in industrial production being of catalytic nature.
The book provides insights into transfer of knowledge from laboratory science to industry.
Author(s): Basudeb Saha
Publisher: De Gruyter
Year: 2016
Language: English
Pages: 355
City: Berlin
Cover
Half Title
Also of Interest
Catalytic Reactors
Copyright
List of contributing authors
About the editor
Preface
Contents
1. Catalysis in Multifunctional Reactors
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Reactive Distillation (RD)
1.2.1 Homogeneous catalysis
1.2.2 Heterogeneous catalysis
1.2.3 Catalysts used in reactive distillation
1.3 Reactive Stripping
1.3.1 Esterification
1.3.2 Aqueous phase reforming (APR) of sorbitol
1.3.3 Dehydration of xylose to furfural
1.3.4 Catalytic exchange of hydrogen isotopes
1.4 Catalytic membrane reactors
1.4.1 Biodiesel production
1.4.2 Dehydrogenation
1.4.3 Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM)
1.4.4 Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas
1.5 Chromatographic Reactor
1.5.1 Concept of a Chromatographic Reactor
1.5.2 Types of Chromatographic Reactor
1.5.3 Applications of Liquid Chromatographic Reactor
1.6 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
2. Biocatalytic membrane reactors (BMR)
Nomenclature
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Role of membrane in biocatalytic membrane reactors (BMRs)
2.3 Membrane separation reactors (MSRs)
2.3.1 Concept
2.3.2 Application
2.4 Membrane aeration bioreactors (MABR)
2.5 Extractive membrane bioreactors (EMBR)
2.5.1 Concept
2.5.2 Application
2.6 Enzyme immobilization techniques in membrane reactor systems
2.6.1 Physical adsorption
2.6.2 Entrapment
2.6.3 Cross-linking
2.6.4 Encapsulation
2.6.5 Segregation by membranes
2.6.6 Covalent binding
2.7 Laminated (multilayer) enzyme membrane reactors
2.7.1 Concept
2.7.2 Application
2.8 Biphasic (multiphase) membrane bioreactors
2.8.1 Concept
2.8.2 Application
2.9 Phase transfer catalysis in multiphase membrane reactors
2.9.1 Concept
2.9.2 Application
2.10 Conclusions
References
3. Metallic nanoparticles made in flow and their catalytic applications in micro-flow reactors for organic synthesis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Metal nanoparticles in a microfluidic reactor
3.2.1 Gold
3.2.2 Silver
3.2.3 Palladium
3.2.4 Platinum
3.2.5 Copper
3.3 Metal nanoparticles in a millifluidic reactor
3.4 Outlook – metal nanoparticles generated in flow and used in situ
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
4. Application of multi-objective optimization in the design and operation of industrial catalytic reactors and processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Multi-objective optimization
4.2.1 Concept of multi-objective optimization
4.2.2 MOO methods
4.3 No-preference methods
4.3.1 Neutral compromised solution
4.4 A priori methods
4.4.1 Method of Weighted global criterion
4.4.2 Lexicographic method
4.4.3 Goal Programming (GP)
4.5 A posteriori methods
4.5.1 ε-Constraint Method
4.6 Interactive methods
4.7 Genetic algorithms
4.7.1 About binary-coded variables
4.7.2 Simple Genetic Algorithm (SGA)
4.7.3 Use of GA in MOO
4.7.4 Constraint handling in GA
4.8 Simulated annealing
4.9 MOO problems in chemical engineering
4.9.1 Petroleum Processing Engineering
4.9.2 Steam Reforming
4.9.3 Polymer industry
4.10 Conclusions
References
5. Design of catalytic micro trickle bed reactors
Nomenclature
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hydrodynamics
5.2.1 Flow regimes
5.2.2 Pressure drop
5.2.3 Liquid holdup
5.2.4 Flow maldistribution and start-up effects
5.2.5 Axial dispersion
5.3 Mass and heat transfer in micro trickle bed reactors
5.3.1 Mass transfer
5.3.2 Heat transfer
5.3.3 Scale up
5.4 Periodic operation
5.5 Applications
5.5.1 Micro trickle bed reactors
5.5.2 Semi-structured and structured trickle bed reactors
5.6 Outlook
References
6. Three-phase catalytic reactors for hydrogenation and oxidation reactions
Nomenclature
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Slurry Reactors
6.2.1 Theory: Determination of Controlling Resistance
6.2.2 Mixing and mass transfer in the stirred tank slurry reactor
6.2.3 Hydrogenation reactions in the stirred tank slurry reactor: kinetics and effect of operating variables
6.2.4 Catalysts for hydrogenation reactions: overview and novel biomass supported metal catalysts
6.2.5 Oxidation reactions in the slurry reactor
6.2.6 Bubble column reactors
6.3 Trickle bed reactors
6.3.1 Theory and flow regimes
6.3.2 Overall rate model
6.3.3 Imaging of gas-liquid flows
6.3.4 Scale up and modeling
6.3.5 Enantioselective Hydrogenation reactions
6.3.6 Industrial applications in heavy oil upgrading
6.4 Structured monolith reactors
6.4.1 Flow patterns in the single capillary
6.4.2 Applications in hydrogenation reactions
6.5 Conclusions
References
7. Design and modeling of laboratory scale three-phase fixed bed reactors
Nomenclature
7.1 Background
7.2 Reactor set- up
7.3 Physical and chemical phenomena in fixed bed reactors
7.3.1 Overview
7.4 Research targets and topics
7.4.1 Catalyst selection
7.4.2 Reaction kinetics
7.4.3 Mass transfer effects
7.4.4 Heat effects
7.4.5 Physical properties of gases and liquids
7.4.6 Reactor design and operation policy
7.4.7 Modeling options
7.5 Experimental design
7.5.1 Targeted products
7.5.2 Catalyst screening
7.5.3 Experimental productivity and selectivity optimization
7.5.4 Particle geometry
7.5.5 Feed distribution and flow regimes
7.5.6 Bed dilution
7.5.7 Residence time distribution
7.6 Chemical kinetics
7.6.1 Topics of the kinetic studies
7.6.2 Reaction scheme simplifications
7.6.3 Rate expressions
7.6.4 Qualitative reaction rate comparison: fixed bed against batch reactors
7.6.5 Catalyst deactivation
7.6.6 Truly intrinsic kinetics
7.7 Mass and heat transfer effects
7.7.1 Mass transfer resistances
7.7.2 Gas-liquid mass transfer
7.7.3 Liquid-solid mass and heat transfer
7.7.4 Internal diffusion – pore diffusion
7.7.5 Effectiveness factors for particles
7.8 Physical properties of gas mixtures and solutions
7.8.1 Density and viscosity
7.8.2 Diffusivity
7.8.3 Gas solubility
7.8.4 Thermal conductivity
7.8.5 Reaction enthalpy
7.9 Liquid flow effects
7.9.1 Qualitative flow arrangement comparison
7.9.2 External wetting of the catalyst
7.9.3 Radial flow
7.9.4 Pressure drop
7.9.5 Liquid saturation (hold-up)
7.10 Reactor modeling steps
7.10.1 Overview
7.10.2 Selected modeling policy
7.10.3 Studies of simplified reaction systems
7.10.4 Ways how to rule out phenomena by experimental design
7.10.5 Sensitivity studies
7.11 Balances for the generic three-phase fixed bed model
7.11.1 Mass balances for gas, liquid and solid phases
7.11.2 Energy balances for gas-, liquid- and solid phases
7.11.3 Boundary conditions
7.11.4 Sub-model examples
7.12 Axial dispersion modeling and experiments
7.12.1 Classical axial dispersion model
7.12.2 Alternative modeling approaches for back-mixing
7.13.1 Model classification
7.13.2 Benefits of dynamic models
7.13.3 Solvers and solution algorithms
7.13.4 Numerical method of lines
7.13.5 Hoyos method for particles
7.13.6 Parameter optimization methods
7.13.7 Parameter number reduction
7.14 Scale-up issues of fixed beds
7.14.1 Overview
7.14.2 Large scale operation
7.14.3 Gradients in scale up
7.14.4 Flow regime in scale-up
7.14.5 Back mixing in scale-up
7.15 Examples
7.15.1 Citral hydrogenation
7.15.2 Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide
7.16 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Index
