Cash crops are grown and sold for monetary gain and not necessarily for sustenance. They include coffee, tea, coconut, cotton, jute, groundnut, castor, linseed, cocoa, rubber, cassava, soybean, sweet potato, potato, wheat, corn and teff. While some of these crops have been improved for realizing yield potential, breeding of many of them is still in infancy. Crops that underwent rigorous breeding have eventually lost much of the diversity due to extensive cultivation with a few improved varieties and the diversity in less bred species is to be conserved. Over the past years, scholars and policy makers have become increasingly aware of the short and long-run impact of climatic factors on economic, food security, social and political outcomes . Genetic diversity, natural and induced, is much needed for the future generations to sustain food production with more climate resilient crops. In contrast, crop uniformity produced across the farm fields in the form of improved varieties is genetically vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, it is essential and challenging to address the issue of compromising between maximizing crop yield under a given set of conditions and minimizing the risk of crop failure when conditions change. Cash crops are grown in an array of climatic conditions. Many of the world’s poor still live in rural areas. Many are subsistence farmers, operating very small farms using very little agricultural inputs for achieving marketable outputs. Conserving the diversity of these crops and addressing all issues of crop culture through modern tools of biotechnology and genomics is a real challenge. We believe the focus of this book is to fill an unmet need of this and other grower communities by providing the necessary knowledge, albeit indirectly via the academics, to manage the risks of cash crops breeding through managing genetic diversity.
Author(s): P.M. Priyadarshan, S. Mohan Jain
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 636
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Cash Crops: An Introduction
1 Introduction
2 Genetic Diversity Utilization and Exchange of Germplasm
Molecular Tools and Genome Editing
CGIAR Gene Banks
Cacao
Coffee
Sugar Cane
Rubber
3 Future Perspectives
References
Part I: Beverages
Cacao
1 Origin and Botany
2 History and Modern Cultivation
3 Genetic Diversity of Cacao
Wild Relatives of Cacao
4 Conservation of Wild Cacao and Landraces
5 Crop Improvement: Overview of Traits of Importance to Breeders
6 Climate Resilience
7 Disease and Pest Resistance
8 Bean Quality
9 Traditional Breeding Approaches
10 Genomic Resources
11 Modern Breeding Approaches
Association Mapping
Genomic Selection
12 Phenotyping Approaches
13 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Coffee: Genetic Diversity, Erosion, Conservation, and Utilization
1 Introduction: Origin and Spread of Coffee
2 Genetic Diversity
3 In Situ Conservation
4 Ex Situ Collections
5 Major Pests and Diseases
Coffee Berry Borer: Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Coffee Leaf Miner: Leucoptera spp.
Coffee White Stem Borer: Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat
Coffee Leaf Rust: Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley and Broome
Coffee Berry Disease: Colletotrichum kahawae Bridge and Waller
6 Genetics of Coffee Quality
7 Breeding Approaches
8 Impacts of Climate Change
9 Future Prospects and Conclusions
References
Part II: Industrial Crops
Origin, Genetic Diversity, Conservation, and Traditional and Molecular Breeding Approaches in Sugarcane
1 Origin of Sugarcane
2 Genetic Diversity
3 Ex Situ and In Situ Germplasm Collections of the Saccharum Group
4 Wild Cane Saccharum spontaneum for Biotic and Abiotic Resilience
5 Traditional Breeding Approach
6 Biotechnology Tools
Omic Approaches and Databases
Molecular Markers for Disease Resistance
Genetic Diversity Studies
Genetic Maps, QTL Mapping, and GWAS Analysis
New Breeding Techniques
Transgenic Sugarcane
Genome Editing
In Vitro Multiplication
7 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Genic Conservation and Genetic Improvement of Hevea brasiliensis
1 Introduction
2 Introduction of Rubber to South East Asia
3 Narrow Genetic Base
4 Addition of New Amazonian Germplasm
5 Nuclear vs. Cytoplasmic Genetic Diversity
Potentiality of Organelle Genome
6 Perspectives for New Germplasm
7 Genic Diversity and Clone Development
8 Molecular Advances in Hevea Research
Saturated Genetic Linkage Mapping and QTLs
Transcriptome Studies by High-Throughput Sequencing
9 Genome Sequencing
10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Breeding and Biotechnology of Jute
1 Introduction
2 Origin of Cultivated Corchorus Species
3 Germplasm
Diversity in Cultivated and Wild Relatives
4 Application of Molecular Markers
5 Transcriptomics of Jute
6 Retention of Diversity in Land Races
7 Disease and Insect Pest Resistance
8 End-Use Quality and Nutritional Quality
Nutritional Quality
9 Conventional Breeding Approaches
10 Jute Fibre at Commercial Level
11 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Part III: Oil Seeds
Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Diversity in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
1 Introduction
2 Origin
3 Diversity
4 Germplasm Collection and Conservation
Complementary Conservation Strategies
Embryo Culture
Cryopreservation
Tissue Culture
5 Crop Improvement
Traditional Breeding Approaches
Selection
Hybridization
Breeding for Specific Traits
Drought Tolerance and Climate Resilience Studies
Cold Tolerance
Insect Resistance
Eriophyid Mite (Aceria guerroronis Keifer)
Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros)
Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)
Coconut Scale Insect
Disease Resistance
Root (Wilt) Disease
Lethal Yellowing
Phytophthoral Diseases
Stem Bleeding
Leaf Spot and Leaf Blight
Nut Water Quality
Novel Traits
6 Genomic Resources
Molecular Markers
Biochemical Markers
DNA-Based Markers
Linkage Mapping and Identification of QTLs
Multiomics Approaches (Genomics and Transcriptomics)
Discovery of Gene(s)
Coconut Genome
Transcriptome Analysis
Transformation Studies
7 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Oil Palm
1 Origin of the Oil Palm
2 Diversity of the Oil Palm
The African Oil Palm
The American Oil Palm
The Interspecific Hybrids
3 Genetic Diversity and Conservation of Genetic Resources
4 Ex Situ and In Situ Collections
5 Improvement and Climate Resilience
6 Disease Resistance
7 Nutritional Quality
8 Traditional Breeding Approaches
9 Genomic Resources
10 Somaclonal Variation
11 Modern Breeding Approaches
Micropropagation
Marker-Assisted Selection
Genome-Wide Association Mapping
Genomic Selection
12 Phenotyping Approaches Including High-Throughput Phenotyping
13 Avenues for Future Research
References
Genetic Resources of Brassicas
1 Introduction
2 Taxonomy
Tribe Brassiceae
Brassica coenospecies
3 Origin of Crop Brassica Species
B. nigra
Brassica oleracea
Brassica rapa
Brassica carinata
Brassica juncea
Brassica napus
Origin of the Word Brassica, Mustard, and Sarson
4 Landraces of Brassica and Their Conservation
5 Ex Situ Conservation of Brassica Genetic Resources
Ex Situ Conservation of Brassica Globally
Collection and Conservation of Brassica Genetic Resource in India
6 In Situ Conservation of Brassica Species
7 Wild Species of Brassica and Allied Genera as a Source of Agronomic Traits
8 Crop Improvement in Rapeseed-Mustard: Indian Perspective
Varietal Development in Rapeseed-Mustard
Hybrid Development in Rapeseed-Mustard
9 Quality Improvement of Rapeseed-Mustard in India
10 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Part IV: Pulses
Genetic Resources of Groundnut
1 Introduction
2 Nutritional Qualities
Carbohydrates
Oil and Fatty Acids
Protein and Amino Acids
Minerals
Bioactive or Functional Compounds
Sterols
Tocopherols and Other Vitamins
Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
Anti-nutritional Compounds
Allergens
Phytic Acid
Other Antinutrients
3 Systematics, Centres of Origin and Diversity
4 Species Diversity
Centres of Diversity
Gene Pools
Karyology
Molecular Variability
5 Ex Situ and In Situ Collections of Germplasm
6 Core and Mini-core Collections
7 Crop Improvement
Targeted Traits
Resistance/Tolerance to Stress
Drought
Quality Attributes
8 Genomics
Genomic Resources Developed
Genomics-Assisted Breeding
9 Conclusions
References
Lentil Gene Pool for Breeding
1 Introduction
2 Origin
3 Diversity of Wild Relatives and Progenitors
4 Genetic Diversity in Landraces and Their Conservation
5 Ex Situ and In Situ Collections of the Species
6 Crop Improvement and Climate Resilience and Herbicide Resistance
Lentil Adaptation to Abiotic Constraints
Parasitic and Nonparasitic Weeds and Herbicide Tolerance
7 Disease Resistance and Insect Pest Resistance
8 End Use and Nutritional Quality
Nutritional Value of Lentil
Nutritional Elements of Lentil
Anti-nourishing Agents of Lentil
Protein and Starch Inhibitors
9 Classical Breeding Approaches
Key Issues in Classical Lentil Breeding
The Optimum Plant Density in Single-Plant Selection
Conventional Methods for Multiple Trait Breeding
10 Induced Genetic Diversity
Induction of Genetic Variability
Induction of New Genetic Variation Through Wide Hybridization
Mutation Breeding
Chemical Mutagenesis
Radiation
Induction of Genetic Variability Through In Vitro Culture Techniques
11 Genomic Resources
12 Modern Breeding Approaches
13 Phenotyping Approaches Including High-Throughput Phenotyping
14 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Part V: Fruits and Nuts
Date Palm Genetic Resources for Breeding
1 Introduction
2 Date Palm Husbandry
3 Conservation of Genetic Diversity
In Situ Conservation
Ex Situ Conservation
Date Palm Field Gene Bank
In Vitro Conservation of Date Palm
Preservation by Slow Growth
Cryopreservation
Date Palm DNA Banking
GIS in Date Palm Conservation
Allelic Richness via GIS–Molecular Combined Approach: Wild Date Palm in South-Central Coastal Bangladesh as a Case Study
4 Breeding of Date Palm
Utilization of Genetic Variation
Varietal Characterization of Date Palm
Gene-Based Characterization
Sex Determination of Date Palm
Advancements in Biotechnologies
Organogenesis
Somatic Embryogenesis
Haploid Breeding of Date Palm
Protoplast Culture of Date Palm
Cryopreservation
5 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Genetic Diversity for Breeding Tomato
1 Origin
2 Economic Value
3 Systematics and Diversity
4 Genetic Diversity in Landraces and Heirloom Varieties
5 In Situ and Ex Situ Collections
6 Genomic Resources and Application of Molecular Markers
7 Breeding Strategies
Heterosis Breeding
Induced Genetic Diversity
Modern Breeding Methods
8 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Genetic Diversity of Cashew
1 Origin and Domestication
2 Diversity, Wild Relatives and Progenitors
3 Genetic Diversity in Landraces
4 Ex Situ and In Situ Collections
5 Climate Resilience and Herbicide Resistance
6 Disease and Pest Resistance
7 End-Use Quality and Nutritional Quality
8 Traditional Breeding Approaches
9 Genomic Resources
Molecular Markers
Genome Sequencing
10 Induced Genetic Diversity (Mutation Breeding, Soma Clonal Variation, Etc)
11 Modern Breeding Approaches: Marker-Assisted Selection, Genome-Wide Association Mapping and Genomic Selection
12 Phenotyping Approaches Including High-Throughput Phenotyping
13 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Part VI: Spices
Genetic Resources of Small Cardamom
1 Introduction
2 History and Trade
3 Origin and Distribution
4 Climatic Conditions
5 Diversity, Including Crop Wild Relatives and Progenitors
Var. Malabar
Var. Mysore
Var. Vazhukka
Other Varieties
The Sri Lankan Wild Cardamom (E. ensal (Gaertn) Abeyw)
Allied Species and Their Occurrence
6 Released Varieties Including Selections and Hybrids
Genetic Diversity in Landraces
7 Genetic Resources of Cardamom and Its Conservation
Cardamom Germplasm
In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation in Cardamom
In Vitro Conservation
Cryo-Conservation
Collection and Cataloguing of Germplasm Data
8 Studies on Genetic Variability
9 Plant Propagation and Cultivation Practices
10 Traditional Breeding
Selection
Selection for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Hybridization
Polyploidy
Mutation Breeding
11 Biotechnological Approaches
Micropropagation
12 Modern Breeding Approaches
Genetic Transformation
Molecular Marker Studies
13 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Index
