Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Second Edition

Cover......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
ISBN 9780443066863......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contributors......Page 8
Foreword to the First Edition......Page 15
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Common Abbreviations Used in the Text......Page 24
Radiofrequency Excitation and Magnet Strength......Page 28
T2 Relaxation and Spin Phase......Page 30
Spin Echo Imaging......Page 31
Gradients......Page 32
Selective Excitation: Position in Z......Page 33
Frequency Encoding: Position in X......Page 34
Phase Encoding: Position in Y......Page 35
Raw k-Space Data and the Fast Fourier Transform......Page 36
Pulse Sequences and Contrast......Page 37
Gradient Echo Imaging......Page 38
Balanced Steady-State Free Precession......Page 40
Echo Planar Imaging, Spiral, and Radial......Page 41
References......Page 42
Clinical Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques......Page 44
The Role of Vasodilators in the Assessment of Myocardial Oxygenation......Page 595
Morphology ("Scan" = "Morphology")......Page 46
Cmr Spectroscopy Evaluation Of Energetics During Left Ventricular Remodeling
......Page 281
Normal And Variant Pulmonary Venous Anatomy
......Page 50
Spectroscopy Patient Studies......Page 576
Vessel Brightness (T1) Versus Gadolinium Dose
......Page 489
Angiography ("Scan" = "Angiography")......Page 59
Novel Contrast Agents in Development
......Page 110
References......Page 333
Principles......Page 62
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Of Regional Aortic Compliance
......Page 206
The No-Reflow Phenomenon and Early Hypoenhancement with Gadolinium
......Page 65
Methodologic Considerations......Page 67
Imaging of Cardiac Anatomy and Structure......Page 74
Heating and Electrical Safety of Interventional Equipment......Page 257
Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance......Page 76
Future Directions
......Page 78
References......Page 79
The Physiologic Basis for Measuring Myocardial Perfusion
......Page 82
Experimental Foundations......Page 582
Pulmonary Vein Embryology
......Page 421
Concept of the Ischemic Cascade......Page 255
Patent Ductus Arteriosus......Page 86
Coarctation of the Aorta......Page 199
Arterial Input Function
......Page 90
Devices That Create Dark Signals......Page 381
Arterial Wall Shear Stress
......Page 91
References......Page 92
Cardiac Motion......Page 94
Communication and Monitoring......Page 488
Preoperative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment
......Page 238
Phase Contrast Velocity Mapping
......Page 95
Bolus Tagging......Page 240
Endogenous Contrast Media......Page 96
Penetrating Aortic Ulcer
......Page 480
Images......Page 97
Apical Rotation......Page 98
Stroke Volume......Page 99
Patient Monitoring and Electrocardiographic Setup
......Page 129
References......Page 123
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents......Page 101
Anatomic Variants
......Page 167
Scar Formation and Left Ventricular Wall Thickness
......Page 292
Perfusion Status Modulates The Signal Intensity Of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Residual Coronary Occlusion Versus Microvascular Obstruction
......Page 270
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Of Flow Wave Velocity
......Page 389
Contrast-Enhanced Tissue Relaxation
......Page 109
Sodium and Potassium Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
......Page 293
Safety Issues......Page 491
References......Page 275
The Population Impact of Cardiac Dysfunction......Page 116
Phase Contrast Velocity Mapping......Page 117
Fourier Flow Imaging......Page 118
Dissection Of The Thoracic Aorta
......Page 477
Microvascular Obstruction Also Predicts Regional Recovery Of Function After Acute Myocardial Infarction
......Page 120
Visualizing Flow and Flow Parameters......Page 121
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Approach To The Patient With Cardiomyopathy
......Page 125
Measurement Of Arterial Wall Stiffness
......Page 388
Reduced Ionizing Radiation......Page 126
Pericardial Cysts......Page 515
Radiofrequency Time Varying Field......Page 127
Bioeffects of Magnetic Fields......Page 128
Patient Studies......Page 130
Valvular Prosthesis......Page 131
Pericardial Lesions
......Page 132
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt......Page 612
References......Page 134
Special Considerations: Cardiovascular Magnetic
Resonance in Infants and Children
......Page 136
Physical Principles......Page 581
Improved Visualization of Cardiac Anatomy......Page 475
Cine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance......Page 138
Jet Velocity Mapping for the Assessment of Stenoses
......Page 284
Magnetic Instrumentation and Visualization Strategies......Page 578
Three-Dimensional Contrast-Enhanced Breath Hold Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Angiography
......Page 143
Active Devices......Page 145
Trauma To The Aorta
......Page 482
Single Ventricles......Page 147
Conclusion
......Page 188
The Future
......Page 150
References......Page 152
Use of Navigator Information
......Page 154
Technical Challenges
......Page 309
Total Coronary Flow Reserve from Measurements in the Aortic Root
......Page 155
Method of Column Selection......Page 156
Fibroma......Page 559
Multiple Column Orientations......Page 158
Subaortic Stenosis......Page 161
Conclusion
......Page 162
Interrupted Aortic Arch
......Page 453
References......Page 306
Normal Cardiac Anatomy, Orientation, and Function......Page 165
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Evaluations
......Page 221
31P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 171
Nuclear Cardiology......Page 207
Chemical Shift Artifact......Page 173
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
......Page 174
Conclusion......Page 430
Effect of imaging sequence and magnetic field strength on ventricular volumes and mass and implications for reference standard
......Page 175
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
......Page 543
Targeted Local Delivery of Cellular Agents to the Myocardium......Page 610
Normal Valvular Function
......Page 177
Adenosine......Page 180
Ischemia......Page 183
Technical Considerations
......Page 324
Echo Planar Time-of-Flight Technique......Page 339
Extravascular Contrast Media......Page 184
Truncus Arteriosus
......Page 451
Device Solutions for Cardiovascular Applications......Page 185
Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Stenosis......Page 533
Viability Studies......Page 189
Future Directions
......Page 192
Myocardial Tagging......Page 195
Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance......Page 197
Passive Devices......Page 608
Myocarditis
......Page 542
Cmr Quantification Of Graft Flow And Flow Reserve
......Page 200
References......Page 251
Conclusion
......Page 289
Extracellular Matrix......Page 210
Complications Of Acute Myocardial Infarction
......Page 273
A Practical Guide to Functional CMR......Page 211
Preoperative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment
......Page 214
Regional Function......Page 215
References......Page 218
Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography
......Page 222
Echocardiography......Page 355
Dobutamine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (Contemporary Studies)
......Page 227
Utility of Dobutamine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Identifying Myocardial Viability
......Page 229
Prognosis
......Page 230
Diabetes and Obesity......Page 231
Hyperpolarized Contrast Media......Page 233
Left Ventricular Wall Motion During Exercise Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 234
Sarcoma......Page 562
References......Page 235
Slice Thickness and the Visualization of Thin Structures
......Page 376
Exogenous Contrast Media for Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging......Page 241
Intravascular Contrast Media......Page 242
Outlook
......Page 345
Ischemic Heart Disease......Page 588
Magnetization Preparation......Page 243
Visual Assessment......Page 244
Quantitative Approach: Perfusion-Related Parameters......Page 245
Quantitative Approach: Absolute Tissue Perfusion......Page 246
Single-Center Studies: Visual Interpretation......Page 247
Multicenter Studies......Page 249
Coronary Autoregulation
......Page 254
Imaging Experimental Animal Models......Page 420
Function and Morphology......Page 541
Tetralogy Of Fallot
......Page 256
Combined Protocols
......Page 534
Wall Thickness and Wall Thickening Measurements
......Page 299
Dobutamine......Page 259
Monitoring......Page 261
References......Page 538
Functional Assessment of Viable Myocardium......Page 262
Combined Adenosine Perfusion and Dobutamine Wall Motion CMR......Page 263
Conclusion
......Page 264
References......Page 602
Global And Regional Left Ventricular Function: Cine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 266
Normal Anatomy
......Page 514
Validation Of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance For Acute Myocardial Infarction
......Page 268
Clinical Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies......Page 271
Use Of T2-Weighted Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Of Acute Myocardial Infarction
......Page 272
Acute Myocardial Infarction: Ventricular Remodeling
......Page 278
Contrast-Enhanced Cmr And Predictors Of Left Ventricular Remodeling
......Page 282
Pulmonary Veins And The Pathophysiology Of Atrial Fibrillation
......Page 287
Tissue Characterization......Page 434
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance To Detect Viable Myocardium In Acute Myocardial Infarction
......Page 294
Conclusion
......Page 363
No-Reflow by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 296
Contractile Reserve During Low-Dose Dobutamine Infusion
......Page 300
Future Directions......Page 630
Comparison of Late Contrast Enhancement with Other Imaging Modalities
......Page 301
Comparison of Different Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Techniques for the Diagnosis of Viability
......Page 302
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
......Page 303
Conclusion
......Page 305
Respiratory Motion......Page 310
Healthy Subjects......Page 437
Athlete's Heart and Hypertension......Page 311
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Navigators: Gating and Slice Tracking
......Page 312
Suppression of Signal from Surrounding Tissue
......Page 313
Breath Hold Two-Dimensional Segmented K-Space Gradient Echo Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 314
Three-Dimensional Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Methods
......Page 315
Contrast-Enhanced Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 317
3-Tesla Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging
......Page 319
Future Technical Developments
......Page 320
The Visualization and Planimetry of Jets by Cine Imaging
......Page 326
Comparison Of Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance With Multidetector Computed Tomography
......Page 329
Coronary Artery Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance For Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Assessment
......Page 330
Conclusion
......Page 331
Indirect Assessment Of Total Coronary Flow And Flow Reserve
......Page 335
Pericardial Effusions......Page 516
Breath Hold Techniques......Page 340
References......Page 472
Conclusion And Future Developments
......Page 349
References......Page 352
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Of Bypass Grafts
......Page 354
Imaging Strategy
......Page 357
References......Page 364
Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging: Aorta and Carotid
......Page 366
Merits of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Guidance......Page 618
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Scanner Interface......Page 367
Molecular CMR Imaging of Atherosclerosis......Page 369
Thrombus......Page 370
Plaque Inflammation......Page 371
Complex Ventricular Abnormalities (Single Ventricle)
......Page 438
References......Page 372
Leiomyomatosis with Intracardiac Extension......Page 383
Clinical Studies
......Page 384
Arterial Structure
......Page 387
Multislice Computed Tomography
......Page 407
The Clinical Use Of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance For Assessing Arterial Wall Stiffness
......Page 393
Assessment Of Endothelial Function
......Page 395
Acknowledgments
......Page 400
References......Page 401
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Right Ventricular Anatomy and Function
......Page 406
Pulmonary Embolism
......Page 505
Normal Right Ventricular Volumes And Systolic Function
......Page 410
Right Ventricular Assessment in Heart Failure
......Page 413
CMRS Stress-Testing for Ischemia Detection......Page 416
Conclusion
......Page 417
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
......Page 476
Valvular Heart Disease......Page 428
References......Page 521
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Laboratory......Page 433
Aortic Valve Stenosis......Page 532
Postoperative Evaluation
......Page 440
Postoperative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment
......Page 442
Tetralogy Of Fallot
......Page 445
Postoperative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment
......Page 446
Transposition Of The Great Arteries
......Page 447
Postoperative Atrial Switch
......Page 448
Preoperative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment
......Page 454
Single Ventricle
......Page 455
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
......Page 457
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Evaluation During Staged Palliation of Single Ventricle
......Page 458
Post-Fontan Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 459
Acknowledgment......Page 460
References......Page 570
Image Display
......Page 466
Congenital Pulmonary Venous Anomalies
......Page 468
Quantification Of Pulmonary Vein Size
......Page 471
Function and Morphology......Page 520
Aortic Coarctation......Page 483
Edema......Page 484
Conclusion
......Page 485
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Angiography Of The Extracranial Carotid Arteries
......Page 492
Aorta......Page 493
Invasive Coronary Artery Imaging and Intervention......Page 611
Mesenteric Arteries......Page 497
Peripheral Vessels......Page 498
Summary
......Page 501
Congenital Vascular Disorders
......Page 510
Conclusion
......Page 511
Imaging Modalities
......Page 513
Valvular Heart Disease......Page 526
Regurgitant Flow Measurements
......Page 531
Mitral Regurgitation......Page 535
CMR in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valves......Page 537
Clinical Questions And The Contribution Of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
......Page 540
Tissue Characterization......Page 544
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
......Page 545
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
......Page 546
Tissue Characterization......Page 547
Tissue Characterization......Page 548
Endomyocardial Diseases
......Page 549
Tissue Characterization......Page 551
Benign Tumors Of The Heart
......Page 557
Lipoma......Page 558
Other Benign Tumors......Page 561
Intracardiac Thrombus Formation
......Page 565
Pericardial Metastasis......Page 567
Tissue Characterization
......Page 568
Cardiac Transplantation......Page 573
Spectroscopy Animal Studies......Page 575
Other Nuclei......Page 584
Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation......Page 586
Myocardial Viability Assessment......Page 589
Atrial Transseptal Procedures......Page 590
References......Page 591
Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Myocardial Oxygenation......Page 594
An Overview of Myocardial Bold Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Preclinical Setting......Page 596
Clinical Myocardial Bold Imaging......Page 597
Emerging Techniques for Oxygen-Sensitive Myocardial Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 599
Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance......Page 605
Safety Considerations......Page 607
Conclusion......Page 614
References......Page 615
Passive Catheter Tracking and Visualization......Page 620
Active Catheter Tracking and Visualization......Page 621
Magnetic Force and Torque......Page 625
X-Ray and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Facility Design......Page 626
Performing X-Ray and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Interventions......Page 627
Early Experience in Humans......Page 628
Acknowledgments......Page 631
Analogous CMR TerminologyUsed by Various Vendors......Page 636
CMR Screening Form—Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center—CMR Center......Page 637
CMR Worksheet and Sequence Protocol Dataform in use (2010) at the BethIsrael Deaconess Medical Center BIDMC)—CMR Center......Page 639
A......Page 642
B......Page 644
C......Page 645
E......Page 651
F......Page 652
G......Page 653
I......Page 654
L......Page 655
M......Page 656
P......Page 659
R......Page 661
S......Page 663
T......Page 665
V......Page 666
Z......Page 668