Carbon Dots in Agricultural Systems: Strategies to Enhance Plant Productivity

Front Cover
Carbon Dots in Agricultural Systems
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Carbon dots—an overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis techniques for carbon dots
1.2.1 Top-down approach
1.2.1.1 Arc discharge
1.2.1.2 Laser ablation
1.2.1.3 Chemical ablation
1.2.1.4 Electrochemical oxidation
1.2.2 Bottom-up approach
1.2.2.1 Hydrothermal/solvothermal
1.2.2.2 Sonochemical synthesis
1.2.2.3 Microwave-assisted
1.3 Challenges in the synthesis of carbon dots
1.4 Properties of carbon dots
1.5 Potential applications of carbon dots
1.5.1 Biosensors
1.5.2 Bioimaging
1.5.3 Therapeutics
1.5.4 Antimicrobial
1.6 Uses of carbon dots in agriculture
1.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
2 Current trends in carbon dots applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biomedical applications
2.2.1 Bioimaging
2.2.2 Drug release
2.2.3 Photothermal therapy
2.2.4 Antimicrobial treatment
2.3 Nanoforensics
2.3.1 Fingerprinting
2.3.2 Anticounterfeit
2.4 Energy storage and conversion
2.4.1 Batteries
2.4.2 Supercapacitors
2.4.3 Fuel cells
2.4.4 Solar cells
2.4.5 Photocatalysts
2.5 Environmental and agricultural applications
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Overview of carbon dot synthesis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis of carbon dots
3.2.1 Physical methods
3.2.1.1 Arc discharge method
3.2.1.2 Plasma treatment
3.2.1.3 Laser ablation method
3.2.2 Chemical methods
3.2.2.1 Electrochemical method
3.2.2.2 Combustion and oxidation
3.2.2.3 Thermal routes
3.2.2.3.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal method
3.2.2.3.2 Pyrolysis method
3.2.2.4 Microwave method
3.2.2.5 Ultrasonic method
3.2.2.6 Supported synthetic method
3.3 Modification of carbon dots
3.3.1 Formation of nanohybrid
3.3.2 Surface functionalization
3.3.3 Doping of carbon dot
3.4 Green synthesis
3.4.1 Biomass
3.4.1.1 Plant parts and organisms
3.4.1.2 Waste material
3.4.1.3 Protein product
3.4.2 Sustainable synthesis technique
3.4.2.1 Base catalysis
3.4.2.2 Self-exothermic synthesis
3.4.2.3 Reduction method
3.5 Conclusions and outlook
References
4 Synthesis of carbon dots from biomass resources
4.1 Introduction
4.2 An overview of biomass sources used for CD synthesis
4.2.1 Plants and foods
4.2.2 Biomass wastes
4.2.3 Microorganisms
4.2.4 Other biomasses
4.3 Routes of synthesis
4.3.1 Hydrothermal synthesis
4.3.2 Microwave-assisted synthesis
4.3.3 Pyrolysis
4.3.4 Chemical oxidation
4.3.5 Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis
4.3.6 Other synthesis methods
4.4 Conclusion and future aspects
References
5 Physical and chemical properties of carbon dots
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Properties of carbon dots
5.2.1 Optical properties
5.2.1.1 Fluorescence properties
5.2.1.2 Concentration and temperature-dependent fluorescence
5.2.1.3 pH-dependent fluorescence
5.2.1.4 Solvent dependent fluorescence
5.2.2 Photoluminescence property
5.2.3 Phosphorescence property
5.2.4 Photostability
5.2.5 Solubility of carbon dots
5.2.6 Cytotoxicity of carbon dots
5.2.7 Chemical inertness
5.2.8 Photo-induced electron transfer property
5.3 Summary
References
6 Optical properties of carbon dots and their applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbon dot structure
6.3 Optical properties
6.3.1 Light absorption
6.3.2 Fluorescence
6.3.2.1 Upconversion fluorescence
6.3.2.2 Temperature-dependent fluorescence emission
6.3.2.3 Concentration dependent fluorescence emission
6.3.3 Chemical luminescence
6.3.4 Electrochemiluminescence
6.3.5 Phosphorescence
6.4 Mechanism
6.5 Optical properties based applications of CDs
6.5.1 Light harvesting capability and photosynthesis
6.5.2 Carbon dot-based sensors
6.5.2.1 Quenching of fluorescence (turn-off)
6.5.2.2 Enhancement of fluorescence (turn-on)
6.5.2.3 Change in lifetime
6.5.2.4 Shift in the emission wavelength
6.5.2.5 Ratiometric response
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Exemplary evidence of bio-nano crosstalk between carbon dots and plant systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis, structure, and a few physicochemical characteristics of carbon dots
7.3 Carbon dots uptake, translocation, and accumulation by plants
7.4 Bio-nano cross-talks between carbon dots and plants
7.4.1 Exemplary evidence of stimulatory and inhibitory effects of carbon dots on plant growth and development
7.4.2 Effect of carbon dot on photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation
7.4.3 Can carbon dot influence the resistance in plants toward abiotic/biotic stress?
7.4.4 A few reports on carbon dot-mediated bio-freight conveyance into plants
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Carbon dots in agricultural system
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Exploration of water-soluble nanocarbon dots in agriculture
8.2.1 Synthesis of water-soluble carbon dots
8.2.2 Characterization of water-soluble nanocarbon dots
8.2.3 Influence of wsCND on the growth of plants under light and dark conditions
8.2.4 Effect of carbon dots on photosynthesis in plants
8.2.5 Carbon dots impact the resistance of plants (abiotic/biotic stress)
8.2.6 Carbon dots help in nitrogen fixation
8.3 Historical perspective
8.3.1 Traditional quantum dots
8.3.1.1 Biological importance
8.3.2 Carbon dots
8.3.2.1 Structure
8.3.2.2 Biological significance
8.4 Carbon dots—in transportation and assimilation of nutrients
8.5 Role of carbon dots exploited to carry fertilizers in microdoses to mimic organic farming
8.5.1 Carbon quantum dots being used as growth promoters
8.5.2 Carbon quantum dots being used for developmental studies of plant and seed growth
8.5.3 Carbon quantum dots used to induce disease resistance in plant systems
8.5.4 Carbon quantum dots action as photocatalyst
8.5.5 Nontoxicity of carbon quantum dots on bacterial growth development in a plant system
8.6 Use of fluorescent carbon dots to trace defects in plant systems and explore as drag carriers for remedial measures
8.6.1 Water-soluble carbon quantum dots used in sensors and photocatalysis
8.6.2 Carbon quantum dots used in imaging
8.7 Future scope and the nontoxic use of such materials
8.7.1 Carbon quantum dots used in metabolic regulation
8.7.2 Carbon quantum dots used for cancer treatment
8.7.3 Carbon quantum dots used in pollution control
8.7.4 Carbon quantum dots used in dyes and environmental assessments
8.8 Conclusions
References
9 Comparative studies on carbon dots applications in plant systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carbon dots
9.2.1 General properties and synthesis of carbon dots
9.2.1.1 Dispersibility
9.2.1.2 Photoluminescence
9.2.1.3 Cytotoxicity
9.2.2 Biomedical applications of carbon dots
9.2.2.1 Applications in food safety
9.2.2.2 Drug/gene delivery in cancer therapy
9.2.2.3 Treatment for drug resistant bacterial infection
9.3 Application of carbon dots in agriculture
9.3.1 Application of carbon dots through in various domains
9.3.1.1 Imaging and labeling
9.3.1.2 Enhancement in plant growth
9.3.1.3 Inhibition effect
9.3.1.4 Effect upon photosynthesis
9.3.1.5 Carbon dots as abiotic and biotic stress reliever
9.3.1.6 Carbon dots in nitrogen fixation
9.3.1.7 Antibacterial/antifungal activity by carbon dots
9.4 Conclusions
References
10 Role of carbon dots in agricultural systems: biotechnology and nanotechnology approach
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Agriculture produce and residues as carbon dots precursors: sustainable synthesis and waste management
10.3 Bioimaging
10.4 Biosensors
10.5 Impact of carbon dots on plant systems
10.6 Agricultural bioremediation
10.7 Conclusions
References
11 Postharvest applications of carbon dots in agriculture: food safety
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Properties of carbon dots for food safety applications
11.2.1 Optical properties
11.2.2 Biological properties
11.3 Carbon dots as sensing platforms
11.3.1 Detection of pesticides
11.3.1.1 Enzyme-based detection
11.3.1.2 Antibody-based detection
11.3.1.3 Aptamer-based detection
11.3.2 Monitoring and detection of pathogens
11.3.3 Detection of heavy metals
11.4 Evaluation of the nutritional value
11.5 Carbon dots in food packaging
11.6 Carbon dot in food preservation
11.7 Current status and future challenges
References
12 Future prospects of carbon dots application in agriculture
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis of carbon dots
12.2.1 Approaches to synthesis of carbon dots
12.2.2 Synthesis of carbon dots from agricultural residues: a concept of recycling
12.3 Characteristics of carbon dots with reference to agricultural applications
12.4 Mechanism and effect of carbon dots on plant systems
12.4.1 Kinetics of carbon dots in plant systems
12.4.2 Uptake and translocation mechanism of carbon dots in plants
12.5 Photosynthetic effect of carbon dots: effect on plant physiology and crop yields
12.6 Future prospects and applications of carbon dots
12.6.1 Carbon dots-based fertilizers
12.6.2 Carbon dots-based sensors and detectors
12.6.2.1 Detection of plant nutrient status
12.6.2.2 Detection of heavy metals
12.6.2.3 Sensing applications in food analysis
12.7 Safety aspect of carbon dots in agriculture systems
12.8 Conclusions
References
Index
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