This comprehensive volume presents state-of-the-art scientific research on the therapeutic uses of cannabis and its derivatives. All too often, discussions of the potential medical uses of this substance are distorted by political considerations that have no place in a medical debate. Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential features fair, equitable discussion of this emerging and controversial medical topic by the world's foremost researchers.
Cannabis and Cannabinoids examines the benefits, drawbacks, and side effects of medical marijuana as a treatment for various conditions and diseases. This book discusses the scientific basis for marijuana's use in cases of pain, nausea, anorexia, and cachexia. It also explores its possible benefits in glaucoma, ischemia, spastic disorders, and migraine.
Cannabis and Cannabinoids examines all facets of the medical use of marijuana, including:
botany
history
biochemistry
pharmacology
clinical use
toxicology
side effects
Cannabis and Cannabinoids is a reference work that will become indispensable to physicians, psychologists, researchers, biochemists, graduate students, and interested members of the public. No other book available offers this comprehensive, even-handed look at a deeply divisive subject.
Author(s): Franjo Grotenhermen, Ethan Russo
Publisher: The Haworth Press
Year: 2002
Language: English
Pages: 439
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Definitions and Explanations
PART I: BOTANY, TAXONOMY, CHEMISTRY, AND HISTORY
Chapter 1. Botany of Natural Cannabis Medicines
Introduction
Natural Life Cycle
Agricultural Field Production
Vegetative Crop Production
Resin Gland Development
Cannabis Origins
Cannabis Taxonomy
Medical Cannabis Today
Medical Cannabis Tomorrow
Conclusion
Chapter 2. Taxonomy of Cannabinoids
Phytocannabinoids
Synthetic Analogues
Anandamide Congeners
Receptor Antagonists
Chapter 3. Chemical Constituents of Cannabis
Chemical Constituents
Conclusion
Chapter 4. History of Cannabis in Western Medicine
Cannabis Before the Birth of Christ
Cannabis in the Classical Era
Hashish in the Arabic World
Hemp in Central Europe
Cannabis in European Medicine of the Eighteenth Century
Cannabis in Nineteenth-Century Western Medicine
The Positive Trend Holds True
1880-1900: The Climax
Cannabis As a Medicine in the Twentieth Century
An Era Comes to an End
Conclusion
PART II: PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOKINETICS
Chapter 5.Effects of Cannabis and the Cannabinoids
Effects on Psyche and Behavior
Central Nervous System and Neurochemistry
Circulatory System
Other Organ Systems and Effects
Tolerance
Drug Interactions
Cannabinoid Interactions
Actions of Other Cannabinoids
Chapter 6. Pharmacokinetics
General
Absorption and Bioavailability
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Plasma Levels Versus Administration Route
Chapter 7. Sites and Mechanisms of Action
The Endogenous Cannabinoid System
Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands
Palmitylethanolamide
Inhibitors of Endogenous Cannabinoid Tissue Uptake or Metabolism
Other Types of Cannabinoid Receptors
Concluding Discussion
Chapter 8. Mechanisms of Cannabinoid Analgesia
Pharmacological Actions of Cannabis Sativa
Do Cannabinoids Have Analgesic Activity?
An Endogenous Cannabinoid Pain Control System
Cannabinoids and Central Analgesic Pathways
Cellular Actions of Cannabinoids in Pain Pathways
Summary
Chapter 9. Cannabinoids As Neuroprotectants Against Ischemia
Introduction
Cannabinoids and Ischemia
Cannabinoid Receptors And Presynaptic Calcium Channels
Cannabinoid Receptors and Postsynaptic Calcium Channels
The Cannabinoid System As an Endognous Regulator of Calcium Influx
Cannabinoids and NMDA Receptor Blockade
Oxidants and Ischemia
Cannabinoids As Neuroprotective Antioxidants
Chapter 10. Possible Mechanisms in Autoimmune Diseases
PART III: INDICATIONS FOR CANNABIS AND THC
Chapter 11. Review of Therapeutic Effects
Hierarchy of Therapeutic Effects
Indications
Surveys
Chapter 12. Medical Use of Cannabis: Experience in California
Effects of Proposition 215
Usage Surveys
Chapter 13. Anorexia and Cachexia
Anorexia and Cachexia in Cancer Patients
Mechanisms of Cancer Cachexia
Anorexia and Cachexia in Aids Patients: Wasting Syndrome
Cannabis, ∆9-THC, and Cancer Cachexia/Aids Wasting
Conclusion
Chapter 14. Antiemetic Effects of Cannabinoids
Antiemetics in Clinical Use
Rationale for the Use of Cannabinoids As Antiemetics
Clinical Data
Current Role of Cannabinoids As Antiemetics
Chapter 15. Pain Therapy
Pain Disorders and Their Treatments
Theoretical and Experimental Data
Clinical Trial Data and Case Histories
Summary
Chapter 16. Migraine
Migraine and Its Symptoms
Standard Treatment of Migraine
Clinical History of Cannabis in Migraine Treatment
Theoretical and Experimental Data with THC Pertinent to Migraine
Value and Place of Cannabis in Migraine Treatment
Chapter 17. Spastic Disorders
Introduction
Spasticity and Spastic Disorders
Marijuana and Cannabinoids in Spastic Disorders
∆9-THC and Nabilone
Preclinical Effects of Cannabinoids
Chapter 18. Movement Disorders
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Huntington's Disease and Other Choreic Disorders
Dystonia
Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes
Tremor
Conclusions
Chapter 19. Glaucoma and Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids As Ocular Hypotensives
Mechanisms of Action
Chapter 20. Dependency and Cannabis
Pre-Prohibition
Cannabis and Mood Disorders
Cannabis Substitution for More Harmful Nonmedical Drugs
Cannabis Use in Treatment of Psychological and Emotional Trauma
Drug Policy, Dependencies, and Cannabis
PART IV: RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS
Chapter 21. Review of Unwanted Actions of Cannabis and THC
Overall Toxicity
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects
Legal Consequences
Extrapolation of Animal Data to Humans
Comparison of Cannabis and Other Drugs
Chapter 22. Acute Effects of Cannabis and the Cannabinoids
Acute Effects on the Central Nervous System
Effects of Cannabinoids on Peripheral Systems
Chapter 23. Cannabis and Dependence
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Cannabis Dependence
Tolerance, Dependence, and Therapeutic Cannabinoid Use
Chapter 24. Pregnancy
Impact on the Course of Pregnancy
Impact Upon Growth and Neonatal and Infant Behavior
Impact Beyond Infancy
Impact Upon Executive Function
Conclusion
Chapter 25. Immune System
Immune System and Cannabinoid Receptors
Animal Studies
In Vitro Studies
Human Data with Cannabis/THC
Relevance for the Therapeutic Situation in Therapeutic Doses
Chapter 26. Hormonal System and Reproduction
Reproductive Endocrine System
Stress Hormone Axis-
Other Hormones
Chapter 27. Long-Term Effects of Cannabis on Psyche and Cognition
Effects on the Central Nervous System
Evidence From Animal Research
Evidence From Human Research
Relevance for Therapeutic Use of Cannabis
Chapter 28. Cannabis and Alcohol in Motor Vehicle Accidents
How Cannabis Pharmacokinetics Presents More Problems
Results of Culpability Studies
Conclusion
Chapter 29. Respiratory Risks from Marijuana Smoking
Introduction
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Respiratory Cancer
Respiratory Tract Infection
Other Potential Respiratory Complications of Marijuana Smoking
Monitoring for Respiratory and Infectious Complications of Medicinal Marijuana
Chapter 30. Contaminants and Adulterants in Herbal Cannabis
Introduction
Natural Contaminants
Adulterants
Chapter 31. Practical Hints
Dosing
Restrictions on Use and Helpful Hints
Treatment of an Acute Overdose
Interactions
Cannabis or THC
Smoking or Eating
Storage
Cultivation
PART V: OTHER CANNABINOIDS
Chapter 32. Overview of Cannabinoids Under Investigation
Chapter 33. Cannabidiol: Possible Therapeutic Application
Anxiolytic Properties of CBD
Antipsychotic Effect of CBD
Fos-Like Immunoreactivity Expression Induced by CBD
Conclusions
Chapter 34. Anandamides: Potential Glaucoma Medicine?
Cyclodextrin Structure and Function
Ocular Drug Delivery Barriers
Intraocular Pressure Studies
Mechanisms of Action
Conclusions
Chapter 35. Therapeutic Potential of Ajulemic Acid (CT3)
Background
Stereospecificity
Cannabinoid Acids do not Bind to CB1 or CB2
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ajulemic Acid
Analgesic Effects of Ajulemic Acid
Future Directions
Chapter 36. HU-211: A Cannabinoid Neuroprotective Agent
Introduction
In Vitro Effects of HU-211
In Vivo Effects of HU-211
Drug Development
Summary
PART VI: OTHER CONSTITUENTSOF CANNABIS
Chapter 37. Noncannabinoid Components
Introduction
Terpenoids
Flavonoids
Conclusions
Chapter 38. Hemp Seed and Hemp Oil
Introduction
Composition of Hemp Oil
Nutritional and Therapeutic Benefits Hemp Oil
Body Care
Resources
Index
