C How to Program

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Before You Begin
1 Introduction to Computers and C
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hardware and Software
1.2.1 Moore's Law
1.2.2 Computer Organization
1.3 Data Hierarchy
1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages
1.5 Operating Systems
1.6 The C Programming Language
1.7 The C Standard Library and Open-Source Libraries
1.8 Other Popular Programming Languages
1.9 Typical C Program-Development Environment
1.9.1 Phase 1: Creating a Program
1.9.2 Phases 2 and 3: Preprocessing and Compiling a C Program
1.9.3 Phase 4: Linking
1.9.4 Phase 5: Loading
1.9.5 Phase 6: Execution
1.9.6 Problems That May Occur at Execution Time
1.9.7 Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error Streams
1.10 Test-Driving a C Application in Windows, Linux and macOS
1.10.1 Compiling and Running a C Application with Visual Studio 2019 Community Edition on Windows 10
1.10.2 Compiling and Running a C Application with Xcode on macOS
1.10.3 Compiling and Running a C Application with GNU gcc on Linux
1.10.4 Compiling and Running a C Application in a GCC Docker Container Running Natively over Windows 10, macOS or Linux
1.11 Internet, World Wide Web, the Cloud and IoT
1.11.1 The Internet: A Network of Networks
1.11.2 The World Wide Web: Making the Internet User-Friendly
1.11.3 The Cloud
1.11.4 The Internet of Things
1.12 Software Technologies
1.13 How Big Is Big Data?
1.13.1 Big-Data Analytics
1.13.2 Data Science and Big Data Are Making a Difference: Use Cases
1.14 Case Study—A Big-Data Mobile Application
1.15 AI—at the Intersection of Computer Science and Data Science
2 Intro to C Programming
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
2.4 Memory Concepts
2.5 Arithmetic in C
2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
2.7 Secure C Programming
3 Structured Program Development
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Algorithms
3.3 Pseudocode
3.4 Control Structures
3.5 The if Selection Statement
3.6 The if…else Selection Statement
3.7 The while Iteration Statement
3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Iteration
3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 3: Nested Control Statements
3.11 Assignment Operators
3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators
3.13 Secure C Programming
4 Program Control
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Iteration Essentials
4.3 Counter-Controlled Iteration
4.4 for Iteration Statement
4.5 Examples Using the for Statement
4.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
4.7 do…while Iteration Statement
4.8 break and continue Statements
4.9 Logical Operators
4.10 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators
4.11 Structured-Programming Summary
4.12 Secure C Programming
5 Functions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modularizing Programs in C
5.3 Math Library Functions
5.4 Functions
5.5 Function Definitions
5.5.1 square Function
5.5.2 maximum Function
5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look
5.7 Function-Call Stack and Stack Frames
5.8 Headers
5.9 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference
5.10 Random-Number Generation
5.11 Random-Number Simulation Case Study: Building a Casino Game
5.12 Storage Classes
5.13 Scope Rules
5.14 Recursion
5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series
5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration
5.17 Secure C Programming—Secure Random-Number Generation
Random-Number Simulation Case Study: The Tortoise and the Hare
6 Arrays
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Arrays
6.3 Defining Arrays
6.4 Array Examples
6.4.1 Defining an Array and Using a Loop to Set the Array’s Element Values
6.4.2 Initializing an Array in a Definition with an Initializer List
6.4.3 Specifying an Array’s Size with a Symbolic Constant and Initializing Array Elements with Calculations
6.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array
6.4.5 Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results
6.4.6 Graphing Array Element Values with Bar Charts
6.4.7 Rolling a Die 60,000,000 Times and Summarizing the Results in an Array
6.5 Using Character Arrays to Store and Manipulate Strings
6.5.1 Initializing a Character Array with a String
6.5.2 Initializing a Character Array with an Initializer List of Characters
6.5.3 Accessing the Characters in a String
6.5.4 Inputting into a Character Array
6.5.5 Outputting a Character Array That Represents a String
6.5.6 Demonstrating Character Arrays
6.6 Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays
6.7 Passing Arrays to Functions
6.8 Sorting Arrays
6.9 Intro to Data Science Case Study: Survey Data Analysis
6.10 Searching Arrays
6.10.1 Searching an Array with Linear Search
6.10.2 Searching an Array with Binary Search
6.11 Multidimensional Arrays
6.11.1 Illustrating a Two-Dimensional Array
6.11.2 Initializing a Double-Subscripted Array
6.11.3 Setting the Elements in One Row
6.11.4 Totaling the Elements in a Two-Dimensional Array
6.11.5 Two-Dimensional Array Manipulations
6.12 Variable-Length Arrays
6.13 Secure C Programming
7 Pointers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization
7.3 Pointer Operators
7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference
7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers
7.5.1 Converting a String to Uppercase Using a Non-Constant Pointer to Non-Constant Data
7.5.2 Printing a String One Character at a Time Using a Non-Constant Pointer to Constant Data
7.5.3 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Non-Constant Data
7.5.4 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Constant Data
7.6 Bubble Sort Using Pass-By-Reference
7.7 sizeof Operator
7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic
7.8.1 Pointer Arithmetic Operators
7.8.2 Aiming a Pointer at an Array
7.8.3 Adding an Integer to a Pointer
7.8.4 Subtracting an Integer from a Pointer
7.8.5 Incrementing and Decrementing a Pointer
7.8.6 Subtracting One Pointer from Another
7.8.7 Assigning Pointers to One Another
7.8.8 Pointer to void
7.8.9 Comparing Pointers
7.9 Relationship between Pointers and Arrays
7.9.1 Pointer/Offset Notation
7.9.2 Pointer/Subscript Notation
7.9.3 Cannot Modify an Array Name with Pointer Arithmetic
7.9.4 Demonstrating Pointer Subscripting and Offsets
7.9.5 String Copying with Arrays and Pointers
7.10 Arrays of Pointers
7.11 Random-Number Simulation Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing
7.12 Function Pointers
7.12.1 Sorting in Ascending or Descending Order
7.12.2 Using Function Pointers to Create a Menu-Driven System
7.13 Secure C Programming
Special Section: Building Your Own Computer as a Virtual Machine
Special Section—Embedded Systems Programming Case Study: Robotics with the Webots Simulator
8 Characters and Strings
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters
8.3 Character-Handling Library
8.3.1 Functions isdigit, isalpha, isalnum and isxdigit
8.3.2 Functions islower, isupper, tolower and toupper
8.3.3 Functions isspace, iscntrl, ispunct, isprint and isgraph
8.4 String-Conversion Functions
8.4.1 Function strtod
8.4.2 Function strtol
8.4.3 Function strtoul
8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions
8.5.1 Functions fgets and putchar
8.5.2 Function getchar
8.5.3 Function sprintf
8.5.4 Function sscanf
8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library
8.6.1 Functions strcpy and strncpy
8.6.2 Functions strcat and strncat
8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library
8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library
8.8.1 Function strchr
8.8.2 Function strcspn
8.8.3 Function strpbrk
8.8.4 Function strrchr
8.8.5 Function strspn
8.8.6 Function strstr
8.8.7 Function strtok
8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library
8.9.1 Function memcpy
8.9.2 Function memmove
8.9.3 Function memcmp
8.9.4 Function memchr
8.9.5 Function memset
8.10 Other Functions of the String-Handling Library
8.10.1 Function strerror
8.10.2 Function strlen
8.11 Secure C Programming
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Secure C Programming Case Study: Public-Key Cryptography
9 Formatted Input/Output
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Streams
9.3 Formatting Output with printf
9.4 Printing Integers
9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers
9.5.1 Conversion Specifiers e, E and f
9.5.2 Conversion Specifiers g and G
9.5.3 Demonstrating Floating-Point Conversion Specifiers
9.6 Printing Strings and Characters
9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers
9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision
9.8.1 Field Widths for Integers
9.8.2 Precisions for Integers, Floating-Point Numbers and Strings
9.8.3 Combining Field Widths and Precisions
9.9 printf Format Flags
9.9.1 Right- and Left-Alignment
9.9.2 Printing Positive and Negative Numbers with and without the + Flag
9.9.3 Using the Space Flag
9.9.4 Using the # Flag
9.9.5 Using the 0 Flag
9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences
9.11 Formatted Input with scanf
9.11.1 scanf Syntax
9.11.2 scanf Conversion Specifiers
9.11.3 Reading Integers
9.11.4 Reading Floating-Point Numbers
9.11.5 Reading Characters and Strings
9.11.6 Using Scan Sets
9.11.7 Using Field Widths
9.11.8 Skipping Characters in an Input Stream
9.12 Secure C Programming
10 Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulation and Enumerations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Structure Definitions
10.2.1 Self-Referential Structures
10.2.2 Defining Variables of Structure Types
10.2.3 Structure Tag Names
10.2.4 Operations That Can Be Performed on Structures
10.3 Initializing Structures
10.4 Accessing Structure Members with . and ->
10.5 Using Structures with Functions
10.6 typedef
10.7 Random-Number Simulation Case Study: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing
10.8 Unions
10.8.1 union Declarations
10.8.2 Allowed unions Operations
10.8.3 Initializing unions in Declarations
10.8.4 Demonstrating unions
10.9 Bitwise Operators
10.9.1 Displaying an Unsigned Integer’s Bits
10.9.2 Making Function displayBits More Generic and Portable
10.9.3 Using the Bitwise AND, Inclusive OR, Exclusive OR and Complement Operators
10.9.4 Using the Bitwise Left- and Right-Shift Operators
10.9.5 Bitwise Assignment Operators
10.10 Bit Fields
10.10.1 Defining Bit Fields
10.10.2 Using Bit Fields to Represent a Card’s Face, Suit and Color
10.10.3 Unnamed Bit Fields
10.11 Enumeration Constants
10.12 Anonymous Structures and Unions
10.13 Secure C Programming
Special Section: Raylib Game-Programming Case Studies
Game-Programming Case Study Exercise: SpotOn Game
Game-Programming Case Study: Cannon Game
Visualization with raylib—Law of Large Numbers Animation
Case Study: The Tortoise and the Hare with raylib—a Multimedia “Extravaganza”
Random-Number Simulation Case Study: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing with Card Images and raylib
11 File Processing
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Files and Streams
11.3 Creating a Sequential-Access File
11.3.1 Pointer to a FILE
11.3.2 Using fopen to Open a File
11.3.3 Using feof to Check for the End-of-File Indicator
11.3.4 Using fprintf to Write to a File
11.3.5 Using fclose to Close a File
11.3.6 File-Open Modes
11.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File
11.4.1 Resetting the File Position Pointer
11.4.2 Credit Inquiry Program
11.5 Random-Access Files
11.6 Creating a Random-Access File
11.7 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File
11.7.1 Positioning the File Position Pointer with fseek
11.7.2 Error Checking
11.8 Reading Data from a Random-Access File
11.9 Case Study: Transaction-Processing System
11.10 Secure C Programming
AI Case Study: Intro to NLP—Who Wrote Shakespeare’s Works?
AI/Data-Science Case Study—Machine Learning with GNU Scientific Library
AI/Data-Science Case Study: Time Series and Simple Linear Regression
Web Services and the Cloud Case Study—libcurl and OpenWeatherMap
12 Data Structures
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Self-Referential Structures
12.3 Dynamic Memory Management
12.4 Linked Lists
12.4.1 Function insert
12.4.2 Function delete
12.4.3 Functions isEmpty and printList
12.5 Stacks
12.5.1 Function push
12.5.2 Function pop
12.5.3 Applications of Stacks
12.6 Queues
12.6.1 Function enqueue
12.6.2 Function dequeue
12.7 Trees
12.7.1 Function insertNode
12.7.2 Traversals: Functions inOrder, preOrder and postOrder
12.7.3 Duplicate Elimination
12.7.4 Binary Tree Search
12.7.5 Other Binary Tree Operations
12.8 Secure C Programming
Special Section: Systems Software Case Study—Building Your Own Compiler
13 Computer-Science Thinking: Sorting Algorithms and Big O
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Efficiency of Algorithms: Big O
13.2.1 O(1) Algorithms
13.2.2 O(n) Algorithms
13.2.3 O( n²) Algorithms
13.3 Selection Sort
13.3.1 Selection Sort Implementation
13.3.2 Efficiency of Selection Sort
13.4 Insertion Sort
13.4.1 Insertion Sort Implementation
13.4.2 Efficiency of Insertion Sort
13.5 Case Study: Visualizing the High-Performance Merge Sort
13.5.1 Merge Sort Implementation
13.5.2 Efficiency of Merge Sort
13.5.3 Summarizing Various Algorithms’ Big O Notations
14 Preprocessor
14.1 Introduction
14.2 #include Preprocessor Directive
14.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants
14.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros
14.4.1 Macro with One Argument
14.4.2 Macro with Two Arguments
14.4.3 Macro Continuation Character
14.4.4 #undef Preprocessor Directive
14.4.5 Standard-Library Macros
14.4.6 Do Not Place Expressions with Side Effects in Macros
14.5 Conditional Compilation
14.5.1 #if…#endif Preprocessor Directive
14.5.2 Commenting Out Blocks of Code with #if…#endif
14.5.3 Conditionally Compiling Debug Code
14.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives
14.7 # and ## Operators
14.8 Line Numbers
14.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants
14.10Assertions
14.11 Secure C Programming
15 Other Topics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Variable-Length Argument Lists
15.3 Using Command-Line Arguments
15.4 Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs
15.4.1 extern Declarations for Global Variables in Other Files
15.4.2 Function Prototypes
15.4.3 Restricting Scope with static
15.5 Program Termination with exit and atexit
15.6 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Literals
15.7 Signal Handling
15.8 Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions calloc andrealloc
15.9 goto: Unconditional Branching
A Operator Precedence Chart
B ASCII Character Set
C Multithreading/Multicore and Other C18/C11/C99 Topics
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Headers Added in C99
C.3 Designated Initializers and Compound Literals
C.4 Type bool
C.5 Complex Numbers
C.6 Macros with Variable-Length Argument Lists
C.7 Other C99 Features
C.7.1 Compiler Minimum Resource Limits
C.7.2 The restrict Keyword
C.7.3 Reliable Integer Division
C.7.4 Flexible Array Members
C.7.5 Type-Generic Math
C.7.6 Inline Functions
C.7.7 __func__ Predefined Identifier
C.7.8 va_copy Macro
C.8 C11/C18 Features
C.8.1 C11/C18 Headers
C.8.2 quick_exit Function
C.8.3 Unicode® Support
C.8.4 _Noreturn Function Specifier
C.8.5 Type-Generic Expressions
C.8.6 Annex L: Analyzability and Undefined Behavior
C.8.7 Memory Alignment Control
C.8.8 Static Assertions
C.8.9 Floating-Point Types
C.9 Case Study: Performance with Multithreading and Multicore Systems
C.9.1 Example: Sequential Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks
C.9.2 Example: Multithreaded Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks
C.9.3 Other Multithreading Features
D Intro to Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Object-Oriented Programming Languages
D.3 Automobile as an Object
D.4 Methods and Classes
D.5 Instantiation
D.6 Reuse
D.7 Messages and Method Calls
D.8 Attributes and Instance Variables
D.9 Inheritance
D.10 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
Index
Symbols
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