Challenge your students to ENGAGE in the conversation and process; THINK about the ideas, history, structure, and function; and DEBATE the merits of American government and politics in the 21st century.
In a storytelling approach that weaves contemporary examples together with historical context,By the People: Debating American Government,Brief Second Edition, explores the themes and ideas that drive the great debates in American government and politics. It introduces students to big questions likeWho governs? How does our system of government work? What does government do?andWho are we?By challenging students with these questions, the text gets them to think about, engage with, and debate the merits of U.S. government and politics.
Ideal for professors who prefer a shorter text,By the People,Brief Second Edition, condenses the content of the comprehensive edition while also preserving its essential insights, organization, and approach. Approximately 20% shorter and less expensive than its parent text, the full-color Brief Second Edition features a more streamlined narrative and is enhanced by its own unique supplements package.
ENGAGE
*-By the Numbers- boxescontaining fun facts help frame the quizzical reality of American politics and government
*-See For Yourself- featuresenable students to connect with the click of a smart phone to videos and other interactive online content
THINK
*Chapter Oneintroduces students to seven key American ideas, which are revisited throughout the text
*-The Bottom Line- summariesconclude each chapter section, underscoring the most important aspects of the discussion
DEBATE
*-What Do You Think?- boxesencourage students to use their critical-thinking skills and debate issues in American government
*Four major themes, in the form of questions to spark debate,are presented to students in Chapter One and appear throughout the text
Author(s): James A. Morone; Rogan Kersh
Edition: Paperback
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Year: 2014
Language: English
Pages: 624
Cover......Page 1
Electoral College Votes in the 2016 Presidential Election......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
1: Ideas That Shape American Politics......Page 36
Who Governs?......Page 38
How Does American Politics Work?......Page 39
Interests.......Page 40
What Does Government Do?......Page 41
Who Are We?......Page 42
A Nation of Ideas......Page 43
Liberty......Page 44
“The Land of the Free”......Page 45
What Do You Think? Negative Versus Positive Liberty......Page 46
The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing......Page 47
One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy......Page 48
A Mixed System......Page 49
Limited Government......Page 50
The Origins of Limited Government......Page 51
Limits on Government Action......Page 52
What Do You Think? Self-Rule Versus Limited Government......Page 53
Individualism......Page 54
Community Versus Individualism......Page 55
Golden Opportunity.......Page 56
Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity?......Page 57
What Do You Think? Individualism Versus Solidarity......Page 58
Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy?......Page 59
INFO/DATA: In the United States, Fewer Believe There Is “Opportunity to Get Ahead”......Page 60
Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong Values?......Page 61
Three Types of Equality......Page 62
Opportunity or Outcome?......Page 64
So Many Religions......Page 66
The Politics of Religion......Page 67
The Ideas in Political Institutions......Page 69
Conclusion: Culture and Institutions, Together......Page 70
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 71
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 72
2: The Constitution......Page 74
The Colonial Roots of the Constitution......Page 76
BY THE NUMBERS The Constitution......Page 77
Why the Colonists Revolted......Page 78
The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier......Page 79
The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence......Page 80
The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict......Page 81
Revolution!......Page 82
The Declaration of Independence......Page 83
Grievances......Page 84
Some Success . . .......Page 85
. . . And Some Problems......Page 86
The First Step: Annapolis Convention......Page 87
Secrecy......Page 88
How Much Power to the People?......Page 89
The Virginia Plan.......Page 90
The New Jersey Plan.......Page 91
The President......Page 92
Separation of Powers......Page 93
“A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed”......Page 95
The Three-Fifths Compromise.......Page 96
“The National Calamity.”......Page 97
What Do You Think? Have We Achieved the Constitution’s Goals Today?......Page 99
Article 2: The President......Page 100
Article 4: Relations Between the States......Page 101
The Missing Articles......Page 102
The Federalists......Page 103
A Very Close Vote......Page 105
The Bill of Rights......Page 107
The Constitution Today......Page 108
INFO/DATA: Limits to Free Speech? Most Americans Say “No!”......Page 110
What Do You Think? How Strictly Should We Interpret the Constitution?......Page 111
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 112
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 113
3: Federalism and Nationalism......Page 114
Forging Federalism......Page 117
Poisoned Water.......Page 119
The Advantages of National Policy......Page 121
Advantages of State-Level Policy......Page 120
What Do You Think? Preserving Local Values or Continuing a Terrible Injustice?......Page 122
The Constitution Empowers National Authority.......Page 123
The Constitution Authorizes Shared Power.......Page 124
Dual Federalism (1789–1933)......Page 126
Cooperative Federalism (1933–1981)......Page 127
New Federalism......Page 128
Healthcare.......Page 129
Drowned in the Bathtub? Reducing the Federal Government......Page 130
INFO/DATA: Regulatory Policies Differ by State......Page 131
Federalism in the Courts......Page 132
Authority.......Page 135
Independence.......Page 136
Conclusion: Who Are We?......Page 137
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 138
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 139
4: Civil Liberties......Page 140
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties......Page 143
The Slow Rise of Rights......Page 144
What Do You Think? Is There a Right to Privacy?......Page 147
Roe v. Wade......Page 148
Sexuality Between Consenting Adults......Page 149
The Establishment Clause......Page 150
Free Exercise of Religion......Page 152
What Do You Think? May the Christian Youth Club Meet in School?......Page 153
A Preferred Position......Page 154
Political Speech......Page 155
Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words......Page 156
Limited Protections: Student Speech......Page 157
What Do You Think? Free Speech on Campus......Page 158
Prior Restraint......Page 159
Obscenity......Page 160
The Right to Bear Arms......Page 161
INFO/DATA: Guns on Campus......Page 162
The Palladium of All Liberties?......Page 163
The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure......Page 164
The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials......Page 166
The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel......Page 167
The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty......Page 169
Surveillance......Page 171
Conclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties......Page 172
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 173
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 174
5: The Struggle for Civil Rights......Page 176
Seven Steps to Political Equality......Page 178
BY THE NUMBERS Civil Rights......Page 179
How the Courts Review Cases......Page 180
Nonsuspect Categories.......Page 181
Economics.......Page 182
Politics.......Page 183
The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom?......Page 184
Freedom Fails......Page 185
The Modern Civil Rights Campaign Begins......Page 187
The Courts......Page 188
The Civil Rights Movement......Page 189
Congress and the Civil Rights Act......Page 190
Affirmative Action in the Workplace......Page 192
Affirmative Action in Education......Page 193
What Do You Think? Higher Education and Affirmative Action......Page 194
Suffrage......Page 195
The Civil Rights Act of 1964......Page 196
The Courts......Page 197
Progress for Women—But How Much?......Page 198
Challenging Discrimination......Page 199
Three Categories.......Page 200
Undocumented Immigrants.......Page 201
Political Mobilization......Page 202
Anti-Asian Discrimination......Page 204
The Lost Way of Life......Page 206
Social Problems and Politics......Page 207
Groups Without Special Protection......Page 208
Sexual Orientation......Page 209
Gender Identity......Page 210
Voting Rights Today......Page 211
INFO/DATA: Political Equality: Voter Turnout Rates by Raceand Ethnicity......Page 212
Income.......Page 213
Conclusion: Civil Rights . . . By the People......Page 214
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 216
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 217
6: Public Opinion and Political Participation......Page 218
Sources of Public Opinion......Page 220
Political Socialization......Page 221
Life Events.......Page 222
Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks......Page 223
Elite Influence......Page 224
Wars and Other Focusing Events......Page 225
Refining the Sample.......Page 226
Talking POLITICS: TYPES OF POLLS......Page 227
Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us?......Page 228
The Rational Public......Page 230
What Do You Think? Can We Trust the Public?......Page 231
Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion?......Page 232
Traditional Participation......Page 233
Voting.......Page 234
Civic Voluntarism......Page 235
Direct Action......Page 236
What Do You Think? Would You Have Protested?......Page 237
Wealth.......Page 238
Education.......Page 239
Political Mobilization.......Page 240
Talking POLITICS: HOW MOBILIZERS SEE US......Page 241
INFO/DATA: Higher Engagement and Ideology......Page 242
Alienation......Page 243
Institutional Barriers......Page 244
Complacency......Page 245
Shifting Mobilization Patterns......Page 246
Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy......Page 247
Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger Than Democratic Renaissance......Page 248
Does Social Media Increase Political Participation?......Page 249
How the Millennial Generation Participates......Page 250
Conclusion: Government by the People......Page 251
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 252
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 253
7: Media, Technology, and Government......Page 254
BY THE NUMBERS The Media......Page 257
Watching Political Leaders......Page 258
Shaping the Political Agenda......Page 259
Where People Go for News......Page 261
The First Mass Media.......Page 262
Should We Worry?......Page 263
Television: From News to Infotainment......Page 264
Infotainment.......Page 265
The Rise of the New Media......Page 266
Reporters Are Democrats......Page 268
Profits Drive the News Industry......Page 269
Drama Delivers Audiences......Page 270
Investigative “Bias”......Page 271
How Governments Shape the Media......Page 272
Regulating Broadcasters......Page 273
Protecting Competition......Page 274
INFO/DATA: Media Consolidation......Page 275
Covering Wars and Terrorism......Page 276
The Campaign as Drama......Page 277
Candidate Profiles......Page 278
What Do You Think? Does the Media Enhance Democracy?......Page 280
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 282
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 283
8: Campaigns and Elections......Page 284
How Democratic Are U.S. Elections?......Page 286
Frequent and Fixed Elections......Page 287
What Do You Think? Too Many Elected Positions?......Page 288
Financing Campaigns: The New Inequality?......Page 289
Democracy for the Rich?......Page 290
Major Donors: Easier to Give.......Page 291
INFO/DATA: Money in Elections: The New Rules......Page 293
Who Runs for President?......Page 294
Winning the Nomination......Page 296
What Do You Think? Why Iowa and New Hampshire?......Page 297
The General Election......Page 299
Demographics.......Page 300
Who Won and Why.......Page 301
Congressional Elections......Page 302
Candidates: Who Runs for Congress?......Page 303
The Power of Incumbency......Page 305
Redrawing the Lines: The Art of Gerrymandering......Page 306
Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation......Page 307
Key 1: Money......Page 309
Key 3: Strategy......Page 310
Key 4: Message......Page 311
Conclusion: Reforming American Elections......Page 312
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 314
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 315
9: Interest Groups and Political Parties......Page 316
The Many Roles Interest Groups Play......Page 318
BY THE NUMBERS Interest Groups......Page 319
Informing Members......Page 320
Mobilizing the Public......Page 321
What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy?......Page 322
Citizen or Public Interest Groups.......Page 324
Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying.......Page 325
Witnesses.......Page 326
Talking POLITICS: WASHINGTON LOBBYING......Page 327
Rise of the Issue Network......Page 328
Interest Groups and the Courts......Page 329
Sponsoring Litigation.......Page 330
Interest Groups’ Spending......Page 331
INFO/DATA: Interest Group Campaign Spending: Sector Totals, 2015–2016......Page 332
Parties Champion Ideas.......Page 335
Parties Help Integrate New Groups into the Political Process.......Page 336
Two-Party America......Page 337
Third Parties in American Politics......Page 338
Rise: Second Party System (ca.1828–1860).......Page 340
War and Reconstruction: Third Party System (1860–1896).......Page 341
Business and Reform: Fourth Party System (1896–1932).......Page 342
The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1972–Present).......Page 343
The Party Bureaucracy......Page 344
Party in the Electorate......Page 345
Voting and Participation.......Page 347
The Big Tent......Page 348
Partisanship Intensifies......Page 350
Competition Increases......Page 352
1. Regulating Interest Groups......Page 353
2. Reduce Partisanship in Government......Page 355
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 356
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 357
10: Congress......Page 358
BY THE NUMBERS Congress......Page 360
Introducing Congress......Page 361
Two Houses, Different Styles......Page 362
The House and Senate Have Some Unique Roles......Page 364
Do the Right Thing.......Page 365
What Do You Think? Two Views of Representation......Page 366
The Permanent Campaign......Page 367
Home Style: Back in the District......Page 368
The City on the Hill......Page 369
House Leadership......Page 372
Senate Leadership......Page 373
The Enduring Power of Committees......Page 374
Leadership and Assignments......Page 376
Legislative Policymaking......Page 377
Drafting a Bill......Page 378
1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy Topics.......Page 379
4. Committees Exercise Oversight.......Page 381
Getting to the Floor.......Page 382
On the Floor.......Page 383
Conference Committee......Page 384
Presidential Action: Separated Powers, Revisited......Page 386
Partisan Polarization in Congress......Page 387
INFO/DATA: Historic Partisan Polarization......Page 388
Divided Government......Page 389
What Do You Think? Is a Partisan Congress a Good Thing?......Page 390
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 391
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 392
11: The Presidency......Page 394
BY THE NUMBERS The Presidency......Page 397
Defined by Controversy......Page 398
The President’s Powers......Page 399
An Imperial Presidency?......Page 400
A Weak Office?......Page 401
What Presidents Do......Page 402
Commander in Chief......Page 403
Top Diplomat......Page 405
State of the Union.......Page 406
Veto.......Page 407
Signing Statements.......Page 408
Appointments.......Page 409
Economist in Chief......Page 410
INFO/DATA: Executive Orders Issued by Each President, Per Day in Office......Page 411
Party Leader......Page 412
The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas......Page 413
Managing the Public......Page 414
Approval Ratings......Page 415
What Do You Think? Ranking the President......Page 416
Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders......Page 418
Step 2: The Order Refreshed.......Page 420
The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments......Page 421
The Vice President......Page 422
The Cabinet......Page 423
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB).......Page 424
Talking POLITICS: SPEAK LIKE A WEST WING INSIDER......Page 426
What Do You Think? Do Presidents Need Such a Large Staff?......Page 427
The First Spouse......Page 428
Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth?......Page 429
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 431
12: Bureaucracy......Page 432
BY THE NUMBERS The Bureaucracy......Page 435
Birth of the Bureaucracy......Page 436
Race and Ethnicity.......Page 437
Fixed Routines.......Page 438
Technical Qualifications.......Page 439
Bureaucratic Pathologies......Page 440
The Democratic Dilemma......Page 441
Rule-Making......Page 442
Implementation......Page 444
How the Bureaucracy Is Organized......Page 445
The Rotating Bureaucracy.......Page 446
Other Agencies......Page 448
Independent Regulatory Commissions.......Page 449
INFO/DATA: The Formation of Regulatory Commissions......Page 450
Private Contractors.......Page 451
The People......Page 453
Congress......Page 454
Interest Groups......Page 455
Bureaucratic Autonomy......Page 456
Open Up the System......Page 457
What Do You Think? Should We Privatize More Government Functions?......Page 458
Privatization......Page 459
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 460
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 461
13: The Judicial Branch......Page 462
Embracing the Law—and Lawsuits......Page 464
Declining Trust......Page 465
Courts in American Culture......Page 466
State and Local Courts......Page 467
Federal Courts......Page 468
What Do You Think? How Should States Select Their Judges?......Page 469
Specialized Courts......Page 471
Diversity in the Federal Judiciary......Page 472
The Court’s Role......Page 473
Judicial Review......Page 474
Activism Versus Restraint......Page 475
The Judicial Process......Page 476
Or Still the “Least Dangerous” Branch?......Page 477
Hearing Cases......Page 479
Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements......Page 480
Conference Sessions and Written Decisions......Page 481
Confirmation Battles......Page 482
Ideology and Partisanship......Page 486
INFO/DATA: How Americans View the Supreme Court: Liberalor Conservative?......Page 487
Collegiality and Peer Pressure......Page 488
Nineteen Cases You Should Know......Page 489
3. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)......Page 490
5. Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886)......Page 491
7. Lochner v. New York (1905)......Page 492
10. National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)......Page 493
13. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)......Page 494
15. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)......Page 495
19. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)......Page 496
The Nineteen Cases—and the Power of the Court......Page 497
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 498
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 499
14: Domestic and Foreign Policy......Page 500
1. Agenda Setting......Page 502
2. Framing......Page 503
Analyzing Policy, Ex Ante.......Page 505
4. Policy Implementation......Page 507
Bottom-Up Delivery.......Page 508
Policy Feedback.......Page 510
U.S. Social Policy......Page 511
Old-Age Insurance: Social Security......Page 512
Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid......Page 513
What Do You Think? Should We Reform Social Security and Medicare?......Page 514
INFO/DATA: The Federal Budget in Context......Page 515
Fiscal Policy......Page 517
Monetary Policy......Page 518
Economic Policymaking: The Federal Budget Process......Page 519
American Foreign-Policy Goals......Page 520
Soft Power.......Page 522
American Foreign-Policy Goal No. 2: Prosperity......Page 524
Free Trade.......Page 525
Energy.......Page 526
Foreign-Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American Ideals......Page 527
Who Makes Foreign Policy?......Page 528
The President......Page 529
The National Security Council......Page 531
Grand Strategies in U.S. History......Page 532
World War I and Isolationism (1918–1939)......Page 533
World War II, the Cold War, and Multilateralism (1942–1989)......Page 534
The War on Terror (2001–Present)......Page 536
What Do You Think? Terrorists and the Rule of Law......Page 538
Conclusion: Policy Matters......Page 539
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 540
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 541
APPENDIX I: THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE......Page 543
APPENDIX II: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA......Page 546
APPENDIX III: THE FEDERALIST PAPERS 1, 10, AND 51......Page 567
APPENDIX IV: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS,CONGRESSIONAL CONTROL, 1789–2016......Page 577
Glossary......Page 581
Notes......Page 589
Credits......Page 597
Index......Page 601
