Business Models and Reliable Operation of Virtual Power Plants

Preface
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
1 Climate Change and Virtual Power Plants
References
2 Short-term Load Forecasting for DERs Based on CNN-LSTM with Attention Mechanism
1 Introduction
2 Load Characteristics of DERs Aggregated in VPPs
3 Short-Term Load Forecasting Utilizing CNN-LSTM with Attention Mechanism
3.1 Brief Introduction of LSTM Algorithm
3.2 Brief Introduction of CNN Algorithm
3.3 Attention Mechanism
3.4 The Procedures for Load Forecasting Based on CNN-LSTM with Attention Mechanism
4 Case Study
4.1 The Time Series Analysis of Load Characteristics
4.2 Parameter Setting of the Proposed Algorithm
4.3 Comparison of Load Forecasting Errors
4.4 Discussions
5 Conclusion
References
3 Clustering Forecasting of Outputs for VPPs Aggregated with EVs Considering Meteorological Factors
1 Introduction
2 Charging Load Characteristics and Influencing Factors of EVs
2.1 Charging Load Characteristics of EV
3 EV Charging Load Forecasting Modeling Based on FCM and LS-SVM
3.1 FCM Cluster Analysis of Similar Days
3.2 Load Forecasting Model Based on LS-SVM
4 Case Study
4.1 Brief Introduction of the Case
4.2 Analysis of the Load Forecasting Results
5 Conclusion
References
4 Business Models and Practices of Virtual Power Plants
1 Framework of Business Model for VPPs
1.1 Traditional Business Model Canvas
1.2 Business Model for VPPs
2 VPPs Participating in Electricity Market
2.1 Normal Mode and Emergency Mode of VPPs in Power System Operation
2.2 VPPs Participating in Peak Shaving Energy Market
2.3 VPPs Participating in Frequency Control Market
2.4 VPP Providing Comprehensive Energy Services
3 VPP Applications in Practice
3.1 The VPP Practice of Bosch
3.2 VPP Practice of Next Kraftwerke
3.3 VPP Practice in Shanghai, China
3.4 VPP Practice in North Hebei, China
References
5 Integrated Electricity/Heat Demand Response for Virtual Power Plants
1 Introduction
2 Operation Principles of a VPP with DR
3 Output Model and Integrated DR Model
3.1 Power Supply Equipment Output and Price-Based Electric Load DR Model
3.2 Heating Equipment Output and Heat Load Incentive-Based DR Model
3.3 Customer Comfort Modeling
4 Operation Optimization Model of VPPs
4.1 Objective Function
4.2 Constraint Conditions
5 Case Studies
5.1 Basic Data
5.2 Operation Scenario Analysis of VPPs
6 Conclusion
References
6 Optimal Operation of Virtual Power Plants Participating in Auxiliary Service Market Coordinating with Energy Storage Allocation
1 Introduction
2 Market Mechanism for VPPs Participating in Auxiliary Service Market
2.1 Characteristic Analysis of DERs Aggregated in VPPs
2.2 Bidding Strategies for VPPs Participating in the Auxiliary Service Market
3 Measurement of Response Capacity
3.1 General Situation of a VPP Aggregated with EVs
3.2 Response Capacity of a VPP Aggregated with EVs
3.3 Energy Storage Response Capacity
4 Benefits of VPPs Participating in Auxiliary Service Market Coordinating with Energy Storage Allocation
4.1 Benefits of VPP Participating in Auxiliary Services
4.2 Benefits of Energy Storage
4.3 Model for Optimal Allocation of Energy Storage Based on Maximizing Market Benefits
5 Case Studies
5.1 Scenario Introduction
5.2 Simulation Results
6 Conclusion
References
7 Dynamic Pricing Strategy of Virtual Power Plants Based on DDPG Reinforcement Learning Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Analysis of Market Trading of VPPs
3 Principle of DDPG Reinforcement Learning Algorithm
4 Dynamic Pricing Model for VPPs
4.1 Price Elasticity Coefficient of DERs Based on Value Function
4.2 Dynamic Pricing Model Based on DDPG Reinforcement Learning
4.3 Solution of Dynamic Pricing Model Based on DDPG Reinforcement Learning
5 Case Study
6 Conclusion
References
8 Reliable Operation of Power Systems Integrated with Virtual Power Plants
1 Introduction
2 Reliability Network Equivalent for VPPs
2.1 Multi-state Model Considering Chronological Characteristics of VPPs
2.2 Multi-state Model Considering Uncertainties from VPPs
2.3 The EMVPP Considering Both Chronological Characteristics and Uncertainties
3 Optimal Operation Dispatch for Contingencies Considering VPPs
3.1 RNE for Generation System
3.2 Operation Dispatch Based on Optimal Power Flow
4 TSS Procedures for Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems with VPPs
5 Case Studies
5.1 Case 1: Different Operating Reserve Capacities of VPPs
5.2 Case 2: Uncertainties from VPPs
5.3 Case 3: Different Shiftable Time Periods
5.4 Case 4: Different Locations of VPP
5.5 Case 5: Load Model with Fixed Time Steps
References
9 Reliable Operation of Power Systems Integrated with Virtual Power Plants and Wind Power Considering Cyber Malfunctions
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Related Works
2 Multi-state Reserve Capacity Model for VPPs Considering Cyber Malfunctions
2.1 Reliability Model for the Cyber System with a Hierarchical Decentralized Control Framework
2.2 Uncertainties from Stochastic Characteristics of VPPs
2.3 Multi-state Model for VPPs
3 Multi-state Model for Power Generation Systems with Cyber Malfunctions
3.1 Multi-state Model for Wind Farms with Cyber Malfunctions
3.2 Multi-state Model for Conventional Generation Systems with Cyber Malfunctions
3.3 Multi-state Model for Power Generation Systems with Cyber Malfunctions
4 Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems with VPPs Considering Cyber Malfunctions
4.1 Reliability Indices
4.2 Reliability Evaluation Procedure
5 System Studies and Cases
5.1 Case 1: Different Reserve Capacities of VPPs
5.2 Case 2: Malfunctions of Cyber Systems
5.3 Case 3: Different Time for Providing Reserves from VPPs
5.4 Case 4: Different Initial Conditions
References