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Building Data Centers with VXLAN BGP EVPN: A Cisco NX-OS Perspective

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The complete guide to building and managing next-generation data center network fabrics with VXLAN and BGP EVPN


This is the only comprehensive guide and deployment reference for building flexible data center network fabrics with VXLAN and BGP EVPN technologies. Writing for experienced network professionals, three leading Cisco experts address everything from standards and protocols to functions, configurations, and operations.


The authors first explain why and how data center fabrics are evolving, and introduce Cisco’s fabric journey. Next, they review key switch roles, essential data center network fabric terminology, and core concepts such as network attributes, control plane details, and the associated data plane encapsulation.


Building on this foundation, they provide a deep dive into fabric semantics, efficient creation and addressing of the underlay, multi-tenancy, control and data plane interaction, forwarding flows, external interconnectivity, and service appliance deployments. You’ll find detailed tutorials, descriptions, and packet flows that can easily be adapted to accommodate customized deployments. This guide concludes with a full section on fabric management, introducing multiple opportunities to simplify, automate, and orchestrate data center network fabrics.


  • Learn how changing data center requirements have driven the evolution to overlays, evolved control planes, and VXLAN BGP EVPN spine-leaf fabrics
  • Discover why VXLAN BGP EVPN fabrics are so scalable, resilient, and elastic
  • Implement enhanced unicast and multicast forwarding of tenant traffic over the VXLAN BGP EVPN fabric
  • Build fabric underlays to efficiently transport uni- and multi-destination traffic
  • Connect the fabric externally via Layer 3 (VRF-Lite, LISP, MPLS L3VPN) and Layer 2 (VPC)
  • Choose your most appropriate Multi-POD, multifabric, and Data Center Interconnect (DCI) options
  • Integrate Layer 4-7 services into the fabric, including load balancers and firewalls
  • Manage fabrics with POAP-based day-0 provisioning, incremental day 0.5 configuration, overlay day-1 configuration, or day-2 operations

Author(s): Lukas Krattiger, Shyam Kapadia, David Jansen
Series: Networking Technology
Edition: 1
Publisher: Cisco Press
Year: 2017

Language: English
Pages: 352

About This E-Book
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
About the Technical Reviewers
Dedications
Acknowledgments
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction to Programmable Fabric
Today’s Data Center Challenges and Requirements
The Data Center Fabric Journey
Cisco Open Programmable Fabric
Fabric-Related Terminology
Data Center Network Fabric Properties
Server or Endpoint Connectivity Options
Summary
References
Chapter 2 VXLAN BGP EVPN Basics
Overlays
Introduction to VXLAN
VXLAN Flood and Learn (F&L)
Introduction to BGP EVPN with VXLAN
MP-BGP Features and Common Practices
IETF Standards and RFCs
Host and Subnet Route Distribution
Host Deletion and Move Events
Summary
References
Chapter 3 VXLAN/EVPN Forwarding Characteristics
Multidestination Traffic
Leveraging Multicast Replication in the Underlying Network
Using Ingress Replication
VXLAN BGP EVPN Enhancements
ARP Suppression
Distributed IP Anycast Gateway
Integrated Route and Bridge (IRB)
Endpoint Mobility
Virtual PortChannel (vPC) in VXLAN BGP EVPN
DHCP
Summary
References
Chapter 4 The Underlay
Underlay Considerations
MTU Considerations
IP Addressing
IP Unicast Routing
OSPF as an Underlay
IS-IS as an Underlay
BGP as an Underlay
IP Unicast Routing Summary
Multidestination Traffic
Unicast Mode
Multicast Mode
PIM Any Source Multicast (ASM)
BiDirectional PIM (PIM BiDir)
Summary
References
Chapter 5 Multitenancy
Bridge Domains
VLANs in VXLAN
Layer 2 Multitenancy: Mode of Operation
VLAN-Oriented Mode
BD-Oriented Mode
VRF in VXLAN BGP EVPN
Layer 3 Multitenancy: Mode of Operation
Summary
References
Chapter 6 Unicast Forwarding
Intra-Subnet Unicast Forwarding (Bridging)
Non-IP Forwarding (Bridging)
Inter-Subnet Unicast Forwarding (Routing)
Routed Traffic to Silent Endpoints
Forwarding with Dual-Homed Endpoint
IPv6
Summary
Chapter 7 Multicast Forwarding
Layer 2 Multicast Forwarding
IGMP in VXLAN BGP EVPN Networks
Layer 2 Multicast Forwarding in vPC
Layer 3 Multicast Forwarding
Summary
References
Chapter 8 External Connectivity
External Connectivity Placement
External Layer 3 Connectivity
U-Shaped and Full-Mesh Models
VRF Lite/Inter-AS Option A
LISP
MPLS Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN)
External Layer 2 Connectivity
Classic Ethernet and vPC
Extranet and Shared Services
Local/Distributed VRF Route Leaking
Downstream VNI Assignment
Summary
Reference
Chapter 9 Multi-pod, Multifabric, and Data Center Interconnect (DCI)
Contrasting OTV and VXLAN
Multi-pod
Interconnection at the Spine Layer
Interconnection at the Leaf Layer
Multifabric
Inter-pod/Interfabric
Interfabric Option 1: Multi-pod
Interfabric Option 2: Multifabric
Interfabric Option 3 (Multisite for Layer 3)
Interfabric Option 4 (Multisite for Layer 2)
Summary
References
Chapter 10 Layer 4–7 Services Integration
Firewalls in a VXLAN BGP EVPN Network
Routing Mode
Bridging Mode
Firewall Redundancy with Static Routing
Static Route Tracking at a Service Leaf
Static Routing at a Remote Leaf
Physical Connectivity
Inter-Tenant/Tenant-Edge Firewall
Services-Edge Design
Intra-Tenant Firewalls
Mixing Intra-Tenant and Inter-Tenant Firewalls
Application Delivery Controller (ADC) and Load Balancer in a VXLAN BGP EVPN Network
One-Armed Source-NAT
Direct VIP Subnet Approach
Indirect VIP Subnet Approach
Return Traffic
Service Chaining: Firewall and Load Balancer
Summary
References
Chapter 11 Introduction to Fabric Management
Day-0 Operations: Automatic Fabric Bring-Up
In-Band Versus Out-of-Band POAP
Other Day-0 Considerations
Day-0.5 Operations: Incremental Changes
Day-1 Operations: Overlay Services Management
Virtual Topology System (VTS)
Nexus Fabric Manager (NFM)
Data Center Network Manager (DCNM)
Compute Integration
Day-2 Operations: Monitoring and Visibility
VXLAN OAM (NGOAM)
Summary
References
Appendix A VXLAN BGP EVPN Implementation Options
EVPN Layer 2 Services
EVPN IP-VRF to IP-VRF Model
References
Index