This volume brings together 22 of the papers presented at a conference held in Esztergom, Hungary, in May 2018 to coincide with the 800th anniversary of the crusade of King Andrew II of Hungary to the Holy Land in 1217–18. The theme, Bridge of Civilizations, was chosen to highlight aspects of the links and contrasts between Europe and the areas around the eastern Mediterranean that were visited and occupied by western crusaders and settlers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, giving special attention to the evidence provided by archaeology and material culture, as well as historical sources.
The results of the joint Syrian-Hungarian Archaeological Mission (SHAM) to the Hospitaller castle of Margat (al-Marqab) highlighted in this volume include an up-to-date overview of the structural development of the site from 1187 to 1285, as well as particular studies of the wall paintings, cooking installations and pottery. SHAM’s recent rescue work at Crac des Chevaliers also provides the basis for studies of the water-management system and medieval burials revealed in its courtyard, while other papers examine the masonry marks and surviving evidence of medieval trebuchet damage at both castles. Other papers focus on the medieval castles of Karak (Jordan) and Jubayl (Lebanon), the medieval buildings of Latakia (Syria), the impact of the Crusades on buildings in Cairo, historic bridges in Lebanon, the medieval chapels of Yanouh-Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil (Lebanon), piscinas in Crusader churches in the East, the images of donors found in medieval Lebanese churches, and the activity of late thirteenth-century Western metal-workers in Cyprus.
Papers focusing more particularly on historical sources include a new edition of a late eleventh- to twelfth-century pilgrimage itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land, a discussion of two minor military orders in Hungary, and the portrayal of Sultan al-Kāmil in a contemporary western account of the Fifth Crusade.
Table of Contents
Introduction ;
Castles and Warfare ;
1. Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285 – Balázs Major ;
2. Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat – Bendegúz Takáts ;
3. Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects – Marwan Hassan ;
4. New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers – Zsolt Vágner and Zsófia E. Csóka ;
5. The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat – Erzsébet Bojtár ;
6. Burials in Crac des Chevaliers excavated in 2017 – Teofil Rétfalvi ;
7. The Fortifications of Medieval Jubayl (Byblos) – Anis Chaaya ;
8. Karak Castle in the Lordship of Transjordan: Observations on the Chronology of the Crusader-period Fortress – Micaela Sinibaldi ;
9. Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region – Dávid Kotán ;
10. Medieval Ovens and Cooking Installations in Margat – Mayssam Youssef ;
Architecture, Art and Material Culture ;
11. Latakia in the Middle Ages – Ibrahim Kherbek ;
12. The Impact of the Crusades on the Architecture of Cairo – Júlia Sárközi ;
13. Roman, Medieval or Ottoman: Historic Bridges of the Lebanon Coast – Andrew Petersen ;
14. The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach – Hany Kahwagi-Janho ;
15. Piscinas in Crusader Churches of the Latin East – Patricia Antaki-Masson ;
16. Notes on Donor Images in the Churches of Lebanon – Nada Hélou ;
17. Mural Painting in Margat Castle – Zsófia Márk ;
18. A Thirteenth-Century Pottery Assemblage from Margat Castle – Nóra Buránszki ;
19. Western Metalworkers on Cyprus, 1296–1300 – Nicholas Coureas ;
Historical Sources ;
20. An Eleventh- to Twelfth-Century Itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land and Othmar’s Vision of the Holy Fire – by Denys Pringle ;
21. Sultan al-Kāmil, the Emperor Frederick II and the Surrender of Jerusalem as presented by the anonymous Chronique d’Ernoul – Peter Edbury ;
22. From Samson to James: Two Minor Military Orders in Thirteenth-Century Hungary – Dániel Bácsatyai ;
Index
Author(s): Peter Edbury, Denys Edbury, Balázs Major, Denys Pringle
Publisher: Archaeopress Archaeology
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 344
City: Oxford
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
List of Figures
Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285
Figure 1.1. Margat: the plateau from the south-east showing the citadel on the left and behind it the fortified inner suburb (photo: B. Takáts).
Figure 1.2. Margat: first Hospitaller construction period in the citadel (drawn by B. Major).
Figure 1.3. Margat: second Hospitaller construction period in the citadel (drawn by B. Major).
Figure 1.4. Margat: Hospitaller constructions in the citadel after 1202 (drawn by B. Major).
Figure 1.5. Margat: citadel from the south-west, with the outer wall of the early Hospitaller period in the foreground and behind it the western façade of the citadel with the following buildings from left to right: inner gate tower (F), J, M, chapter hou
Figure 1.6. Margat: citadel from the north (photo: B. Takáts).
Figure 1.7. Margat: computer-aided reconstruction of the interior of the chapter house (reconstruction by G. Buzás; graphics by G. Buzás and Zs. Vasáros).
Figure 1.8. Margat: cut-away section of the western wing of the citadel with the possible functions reconstructed (reconstruction by B. Major; graphics by M. Incze).
Figure 1.9. Margat: first-floor room (L2) of the donjon looking north with the sleeping alcove in the left, putlog holes and consoles of the wooden mezzanine floor and numerous cupboard niches in the walls.
Figure 1.10. Margat: interior of hall I.1.d. looking south (photo: B. Major).
Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat
Figure 2.1. Margat: Artec Space Spider in use.
Figure 2.2. Margat: scanned 3D model of the skull of a medieval man found in the castle in 2011.
Figure 2.3. Margat: 3D models during the excavation and after the restoration of a trebuchet projectile in situ.
Figure 2.4. Margat: 8 main N sections of the 3D models of trench 2018/I.
Figure 2.5. Margat: aligned 3D dense-point clouds of the donjon.
Figure 2.6. Margat: horizontal section of the second floor of the donjon.
Figure 2.7. Margat: orthomosaic of courtyard X1.
Figure 2.8. Margat: textured 3D model of the Mamluk ḥammām in the Outer Suburb.
Figure 2.10. Margat: textured 3D model of Qalʿat al-Marqab.
Figure 2.9. Margat: mapping of the remains of the inner suburb (aerial survey by author, drawings by B. Major).
Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects
Figure 3.1. Margat (al-Marqab): general location plan (M. Hassan).
Figure 3.2. Margat (al-Marqab): computer reconstruction of the castle, showing the citadel and the fortified upper suburb (G. Buzás).
Figure 3.3. Margat (al-Marqab): plan of the buffer zones around the site (M. Hassan).
Figure 3.4. Margat (al-Marqab): plan of the ‘green tourism bridge’ between the sea and the mountains (M. Hassan and B. Major).
Figure 3.5. Plan showing the position of Margat (al-Marqab) on the proposed castle route between Qalʿat Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn and Crac des Chevaliers (Qalʿat al-Ḥuṣn al-Akrād) (M. Hassan).
Figure 3.6. Margat (al-Marqab): plans of the proposed visitor routes for the castle (M. Hassan).
Figure 3.7. Margat (al-Marqab): plans for the proposed visitor centre in hall J1 (M. Hassan and A. Hammoud).
Figure 3.8. Margat (al-Marqab): proposed visitor routes around tower Tviii (M. Hassan).
Figure 3.9. Margat (al-Marqab): short- and long-term plans for the development of the site (M. Hassan).
Figure 3.10. Margat (al-Marqab): plans of the internal fortress at levels 1 and 2.
New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers
Figure 4.1. Crac des Chevaliers: map of the GPR surveys from 2016 to 2018 in the inner castle, depth 80 cm (by G. Bertók).
Figure 4.2. Crac des Chevaliers: plan of the water-management system in the inner castle, ground level. Key: cisterns and water pipes shown blue; channels, shafts, latrines and pools shown red (drawn by Zs. E. Csóka).
Figure 4.3. Crac des Chevaliers: plan of the water-management system in the inner castle, upper level. Key: channels and latrines shown red (drawn by Zs. E. Csóka).
Figure 4.4. Crac des Chevaliers: ceramic pipe at the well-house in the western part of the esplanade.
Figure 4.5. Crac des Chevaliers: remains of the vertical lead pipe and the hydraulic plaster on the wall in the southern part of the esplanade.
Figure 4.6. Crac des Chevaliers: ceramic pipe with a lead bend in the southern part of the esplanade.
Figure 4.7. Crac des Chevaliers: southern side of the water-collecting shaft under the small courtyard.
Figure 4.8. Crac des Chevaliers: the tunnel-like channel under the small courtyard.
Figure 4.9. Crac des Chevaliers: plan of the water-management system in the small courtyard from the 2017 excavation (drawn by Zs. E. Csóka and T. Rétfalvi).
Figure 4.10. Crac des Chevaliers: lead pipe in the small courtyard from the 2017 excavation.
The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat
Figure 5.1. Crac des Chevaliers: masonry mark (5.0) on a reused bossed ashlar in the church.
Figure 5.2. Crac des Chevaliers: plan of the castle showing the distribution of masonry marks in the ground-floor rooms (from: J. Zimmer, W. Meyer and L. Boscardin, Krak des Chevaliers in Syrien (Koblenz, 2011), 175, fig. 4.6).
Figure 5.3. Crac des Chevaliers: re-used ashlar with masonry mark on the third floor of the south-eastern section (51.3).
Burials in Crac des Chevaliers excavated in 2017
Figure 6.1. Crac des Chevaliers: courtyard excavation 2017.
Figure 6.2. Crac des Chevaliers: courtyard excavation 2017, southern area (graves 1–4 and 6).
Figure 6.3. Crac des Chevaliers: courtyard excavation 2017, central area (grave 5).
Figure 6.4. Crac des Chevaliers: bone rings in grave 2 (ring diameters 47 mm).
Figure 6.5. Crac des Chevaliers: damage to the skull in situ in grave 3.
The Fortifications of Medieval Jubayl (Byblos)
Figure 7.1. Jubayl (Byblos): north-western angle of the medieval city wall, showing the location of the missing north-west corner-tower (photo: French Air Force of the Levant, 1930s).
Figure 7.2. Jubayl (Byblos): south-eastern tower of the city wall, incorporated into the medieval castle (photo: A. Chaaya).
Figure 7.3. Jubayl (Byblos): medieval castle, built on the line of the fortification of ancient Byblos (photo: Gilbert Chéhab).
Figure 7.4. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: base of the north-west tower, viewed from the south (photo: A. Chaaya).
Figure 7.5. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: base of the north-west tower, viewed from the north (photo: A. Chaaya).
Figure 7.6. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: arrow-slit in the first storey of the north-west tower (photo: A. Chaaya).
Figure 7.7. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: arrow-slit in the second storey of the north-west tower (photo: A. Chaaya).
Figure 7.8. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: south-west tower, from the south-west (photo: A. Chaaya).
Figure 7.9. Jubayl (Byblos), the castle: the eastern towers, from the north-east (photo: A. Chaaya).
Karak Castle in the Lordship of Transjordan: Observations on the Chronology of the Crusader-period Fortress
Figure 8.1. Karak Castle: aerial view, looking towards the eastern side (photo: Robert Bewley/APAAME 20181014_RHB-119).
Figure 8.2. Karak Castle: plan. Key: (a) Mamluk gate to outer ward; (b) Mamluk outer ward; (c) assumed site of Mamluk gate to inner ward; (d) modern entrance from town; (e) chapel; (f) Mamluk bakery; (g) Ayyubid palace; (h) Ayyubid-Mamluk keep; (j) reser
Figure 8.3. Karak Castle: remains of the possible Crusader-period donjon, bottom right, from west (photo: M. Sinibaldi).
Figure 8.4. Karak Castle: remains of the possible Crusader-period donjon, from south-east (photo: M. Sinibaldi).
Figure 8.5. Karak Castle: view of the castle and walled town from the east (photo: M. Sinibaldi).
Figure 8.6. Karak Castle: view of the western side, looking north-east (photo: M. Sinibaldi).
Figure 8.7. Karak Castle: view of the north wall, looking towards the north-east tower containing the gate (photo: M. Sinibaldi).
Figure 8.8. Karak Castle: the lower of the two barrel-vaults behind the north wall, looking east (photo: D. Pringle).
Figure 8.9. Karak Castle: View of the east side of the castle, showing the tower next to the chapel (photo: M. Sinibaldi).
Figure 8.10. Karak Castle: castle chapel and adjacent tower, seen from the south (photo: M. Sinibaldi).
Figure 8.11. Karak Castle: the sacristy to the chapel, showing the blocked window in the east wall (photo: D. Pringle).
Figure 8.12. Karak Castle: blocked window in the east wall of the mosque inside the Ayyubid palace (photo: M. Sinibaldi).
Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region
Figure 9.1. Margat Castle: stone projectile types (category A). Weights from right to left: 1 kg (2.2 lb), 9 kg (13.5 lb), 33 kg (72.8 lb), 70 kg (154.3 lb) and 73 kg (160.1 lb) (fragment).
Figure 9.2. Margat Castle: stone ball (P/2018/43) found in situ on the top of building S3 in the 2007 excavation.
Figure 9.3. Margat Castle: stone projectile (P/2018/33) found in situ, near the donjon, before excavation.
Figure 9.4. Margat Castle: stone projectile (P/2018/33). On the surface of the fracture the plume structure can be well observed, the starting point of the cracks being the point of impact.
Figure 9.5. Margat Castle: projectile impact traces on the donjon wall.
Figure 9.6. Margat Castle: impact mark caused by stone-throwing machine on the wall of the donjon (diam. 40 cm).
Figure 9.7. Margat Castle: examination of the impact marks on the southern wall of the chapel.
Figure 9.8. Crac des Chevaliers: impact marks caused during the civil war by modern artillery.
Figure 9.9. Ṣahyūn (Qalʿat Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn): limestone and sandstone trebuchet projectiles.
Medieval Ovens and Cooking Installations in Margat
Figure 10.1. Margat Castle: method of construction of a typical oven (N. Ḥakīmī).
Figure 10.2. Margat Castle: plan of hall Q showing location of ovens.
Figure 10.3. Margat Castle: oven 1 in hall Q, vertical photogrammetric image (B. Takáts).
Figure 10.4. Margat Castle: idealized section through oven 1 (drawn by M. Youssef).
Figure 10.5. Margat Castle: oven 2 in hall Q.
Figure 10.6. Margat Castle: oven in Hall I.1.B.
Figure 10.7. Margat Castle: remains of basins with the preparation area of oven 1 in hall Q.
Figure 10.8. Margat Castle: remains of the hearths in the kitchen, hall D1.
Latakia in the Middle Ages
Figure 11.1. Latakia: aerial view showing the medieval buildings (photo: I. Kherbek).
Figure 11.2. Latakia: the newly discovered cistern in the castle (al-Qalʿa) (plan and photos by I. Kherbek).
Figure 11.3. Latakia: Greek Orthodox church of Our Lady: plan (drawn by I. Kherbek).
Figure 11.4. Latakia: Greek Orthodox church of Our Lady (photo: B. Major).
Figure 11.5. Latakia: Greek Orthodox church of Saint Nicolas (by I. Kherbek).
Figure 11.6. Latakia: Great Mosque: plan (drawn by I. Kherbek).
Figure 11.7. Latakia: al-Imshāṭī Mosque: plan (drawn by I. Kherbek).
Figure 11.8. Latakia: medieval church in al-Imshāṭī, looking east (photo: B. Major).
Figure 11.9. Latakia: al-Qibba Mosque, plan (drawn by I. Kherbek).
11.10. Latakia: al-Baṭarnī Mosque, plan (drawn by I. Kherbek).
11.11. Latakia: Muʿallaqa Church, traces of medieval painting, showing an aureoled head, surviving on the soffit of the eastern arch.
The Impact of the Crusades on the Architecture of Cairo
Figure 12.1. Cairo: mosque of al-Ṣāliḥ Ṭalāʾiʿ ibn Ruzzīk (1160) (photo: D. Pringle 2011).
Figure 12.2. Cairo: mausoleum of al-Sāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb (1242–44), with the minaret-portal to the two associated madrasas behind (photo: D. Pringle 2011).
Figure 12.3. Cairo: façade of the mausoleum of al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyūb (1242–44) (photo: B. Major).
Figure 12.4. Cairo: mosque of Aqmar (1125) (photo: D. Pringle 2011).
Figure 12.5. Cairo: mosque of Sultan al-Ḥākim bi Amr Allāh (1003), inscription on the southern minaret (photo: B. Major).
Figure 12.6. Cairo: mosque of Aqmar (1125), inscription below muqarnas panel on the façade (photo: B. Major).
Figure 12.7. Cairo: façade of the mausoleum-madrasa of Sultan al-Manṣūr Qalāʾūn (1284–85) (photo: B. Major).
Figure 12.8. Cairo: portal to the madrasa of Sultan al-Nāṣir Muḥammad ibn Qalāʾūn (1295–1303) (photo: B. Major).
Figure 12.10. Cairo, portal to the madrasa-mosque of Sultan Ḥasan (1356–61): Crusader pilaster illustrating Jerusalem monuments, detail of the Templum Domini (Dome of the Rock) (photo: D. Pringle 2011).
Figure 12.9. Cairo, portal to the madrasa-mosque of Sultan Ḥasan (1356–61): Crusader pilaster illustrating Jerusalem monuments, including (from the top) the Holy Sepulchre (?), the Templum Domini (Dome of the Rock), and David’s Gate (photo: D. Pringle 201
Roman, Medieval or Ottoman: Historic Bridges of the Lebanon Coast
Figure13.1. Technical terms for describing stone bridges.
Figure 13.2. Map of Lebanon, showing the location of historic bridges.
Figure 13.3. Līṭānī River bridge (no. 1): south-facing elevation before its destruction in 1941.
Figure 13.4. Bridge over the Nahr Abū Aswad (no. 2): from the east (photo: A. Petersen, Feb. 2018).
Figure 13.5. Dāmūr River bridge (no. 3): remains of south abutment (photo: A. Petersen, April 2018).
Figure 13.6. Dāmūr River bridge (no. 3): reconstructed plan and elevation based on visible surviving foundations.
Figure 13.7. Dāmūr River bridge (no. 3): plan and elevation of south abutment.
Figure 13.8. Beirut River (Nahr Bayrūt) bridge (no. 4): reconstruction of the east elevation and plan.
Figure 13.10. Nahr al-Kalb bridge (no. 5): recess for missing inscription panel set into the west face of the south abutment (photo: A. Petersen, Sept. 2017)
Figure 13.9. Nahr al-Kalb bridge (no. 5): view from east (photo: A. Petersen, Sept. 2017)
Figure 13.11. Roman bridge at Maʿamlatayn (no. 6), near Jūniyya (photo: A. Petersen, Oct. 2017)
Figure 13.12. Nahr Ibrāhīm bridge (no. 7): north face of main arch (photo: A. Petersen, Jan. 2018)
Figure 13.13. Nahr Ibrāhīm bridge (no. 7): detail of equestrian carving on the north face of the east (right bank) abutment (photo: A. Petersen, Feb. 2018).
Figure 13.14. Nahr Fīdār bridge (no. 8), near Blāṭ: east face (photo: A. Petersen, March 2018)
Figure 13.15. Msaylḥa bridge (no. 9): view from the west with the castle behind (photo: A. Petersen, Feb. 2018)
Figure 13.16. Msaylḥa bridge (no. 9): detail of north abutment, showing remains of an earlier arch (photo: A. Petersen, Feb. 2018).
Figure 13.17. Comparison of the elevations of Roman, medieval and Ottoman bridges in Lebanon (nos. 1–9).
The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach
Figure 14.1. Yanouh: location of the chapels to the south of the Roman sanctuary (Yanouh village).
Figure 14.2. Yanouh: location of the chapels to the north of the Roman sanctuary (Mghayreh village).
Figure 14.3. Yanouh: chapel of Our Lady before reconstruction.
Figure 14.4. Yanouh: double chapel of Saint Simeon.
Figure 14.5. Edde: location of the chapels.
Figure 14.6. Edde: church of Saint George.
Figure 14.7. Edde: church of Saint Theodore.
Figure 14.8. Edde: the interior of the church of Saint Michael and Gaint Gabriel.
Figure 14.9. Plans and proportions of the churches and chapels of Edde and Yanouh.
Piscinas in Crusader Churches of the Latin East
Figure15.1. Beirut chapel: reconstruction of the piscina (from: J. Laufffray, Bull. du Musée de Beyrouth 8 (1948): 8, fig. 1).
Figure 15.2. ʿAtlīt: piscina locations in the parish church (from: C.N. Johns, Quarterly of the Dept. of Antiquities in Palestine 4 (1935): 124, fig. 2).
Figure 15.3. ʿAtlīt: pierced capital from the parish church (from: C.N. Johns, Quarterly of the Dept. of Antiquities in Palestine 4 (1935): 131 fig. 6).
Figure 15.4. Bayt Jibrīn: piscina in the north apse of the Hospitaller church (photo: D. Pringle, Dec. 2002)
Figure 15.5. Bkeftine: pillar piscina in the church of the monastery of Our Lady (photo: P. Antaki).
Figure 15.6. Deddeh: double piscina in the chapel of Saint Michael of the monastery of Saint James the Mutilated (Intercisus) (photo: P. Antaki).
Figure 15.7. Belmont Abbey: double piscina with three bowls in the abbey church (photo: P. Antaki).
Figure 15.8. Belmont Abbey: piscina in the chapel of Saint George (photo: P. Antaki).
Figure 15.9. Belmont Abbey: piscina in the chapel of Saint George, detail (photo: P. Antaki).
Figure 15.10. Belmont Abbey: reused double piscina in the chapel of Saint George (photo: P. Antaki).
Notes on Donor Images in the Churches of Lebanon
Figure 16.1. Maad (Maʿād), church of Mar Charbel: donor from the Dormition, south wall (photo: Nada Hélou).
Figure 16.2. Maad (Maʿād), church of Mar Charbel: donor before a bishop, north wall (photo: N. Hélou).
Figure 16.3. Maad (Maʿād), church of Mar Charbel: donor before a bishop, north wall (photo: N. Hélou).
Figure 16.4. Maad (Maʿād), church of Mar Charbel: hands of woman beneath a bishop (photo: N. Hélou).
Figure 16.5. Behdidat (Baḥdaydāt), church of Mar Tadros: donor in front of Saint Theodoros, north wall (photo: N. Hélou).
Figure 16.6. Behdidat (Baḥdaydāt), Church of Mar Tadros: donor beneath Saint George, south wall (photo: N. Hélou).
Figure 16.7. Hadchit (Ḥadshīt), church of Mart Chmouni: donor beneath the Resurrection, apse (photo: N. Hélou).
Figure 16.8. Amioun (Amyūn), church of Mar Phocas: donor beneath Saint Philip, north wall (photo: N. Hélou).
Figure 16.9. Beirut, chapel of Saint Barbara: two women donors, north wall (photo: N. Hélou).
Mural Painting in Margat Castle
Figure 17.1. Margat Castle: aerial photograph with the location of wall paintings indicated by letters.
Figure 17.2. Margat Castle, church: painting of Hell on the south wall of the nave.
Figure 17.3. Margat: painted fragment in the cemetery church of the Outer Suburb (OSC).
Figure 17.4. Margat: painting in situ in the second church of the Outer Suburb (OSS).
Figure 17.5. Margat: recycled painted stone from the citadel.
Figure 17.6. Margat: painted stone from the inner suburb.
Figure 17.7. Margat: coastal watchtower with the castle in the background.
Figure 17.8. Margat: painting in the loophole niche of the watchtower.
Figure 17.9. Margat: painting of imitation ashlar on the vault of the inner gate-tower (F).
Figure 17.10. Margat: painting of imitation ashlar on the vault of the southern gate-tower (Ti).
A Thirteenth-Century Pottery Assemblage from Margat Castle
Figure 18.1. Margat Castle: ground plan (prepared by T. Borosházi and B. Major).
Figure 18.2. Margat Castle: excavated pit (trench 2016/I) in 2016 (photo: N. Buránszki).
Figure 18.3. Margat Castle: stratigraphy of trench 2010/XXXVI (drawn by N. Buránszki).
Figure 18.4. Margat Castle: selected pottery from the pit (photo: K. Lovas).
Figure 18.5. Margat Castle: bowl with slip mark (MARQ:2016.X1.I.1).
Figure 18.6. Margat Castle: types of unglazed bowls (drawing by N. Buránszki).
Figure 18.7. Margat Castle: percentage distribution of pottery fragments (prepared by N. Buránszki).
An Eleventh- to Twelfth-Century Itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land and Othmar’s Vision of the Holy Fire
Figure 21.1. Map showing the various itineraries between the River Fischa and Jerusalem described in the different versions of the Via Hierosolimitana (compiled by D. Pringle, drawn by Kirsty Harding).
List of Tables
The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat
Table 5.1. Crac des Chevaliers: List of the masonry marks (extract).
Table 5.2. Crac des Chevaliers: List of the types (extract).
Table 5.3. Crac des Chevaliers: Type-location table (extract). Open circle indicate the presence of a single masonry mark from the type, full circles more than one.
Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region
Table 9.1. Diameters and weights of the 27 category A projectiles from Margat.
Table 2. Diameters, weights and materials of the 10 catalogued projectiles from Crac des Chevaliers.
Table 9.3. Diameters, weights and materials of the 13 catalogued projectiles from Saone.
The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach
Table 14.1. Comparison of Yanouh and Edde.
Table 14.2. Modules of the churches of Yanouh and Yanouh-Mghayreh (measurements in cm).
Table 14.3. Modules of the churches of Edde-Jbeil (measurements in cm).
Table 14.4. Modules of medieval churches in villages neighbouring Edde (measurements in cm).
Notes on Contributors
Introduction
Castles and Warfare
Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285
Balázs Major
Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat
Bendegúz Takáts
Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects
Marwan Hassan
New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers
Zsolt Vágner and Zsófia E. Csóka
The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat
Erzsébet Bojtár
Burials in Crac des Chevaliers excavated in 2017
Teofil Rétfalvi
The Fortifications of Medieval Jubayl (Byblos)
Anis Chaaya
Karak Castle in the Lordship of Transjordan: Observations on the Chronology of the Crusader-period Fortress
Micaela Sinibaldi
Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region
Dávid Kotán
Medieval Ovens and Cooking Installations in Margat
Mayssam Youssef
Architecture, Art and Material Culture
Latakia in the Middle Ages
Ibrahim Kherbek
The Impact of the Crusades on the Architecture of Cairo
Júlia Sárközi
Roman, Medieval or Ottoman: Historic Bridges of the Lebanon Coast
Andrew Petersen
The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach
Hany Kahwagi-Janho
Piscinas in Crusader Churches of the Latin East
Patricia Antaki-Masson
Notes on Donor Images in the Churches of Lebanon
Nada Hélou
Mural Painting in Margat Castle
Zsófia Márk
A Thirteenth-Century Pottery Assemblage from Margat Castle
Nóra Buránszki
Western Metalworkers on Cyprus, 1296–1300
Nicholas Coureas
Historical Sources
An Eleventh- to Twelfth-Century Itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land and Othmar’s Vision of the H
Denys Pringle
Sultan al-Kāmil, the Emperor Frederick II and the Surrender of Jerusalem as presented by the anonymo
Peter Edbury
From Samson to James: Two Minor Military Orders in Thirteenth-Century Hungary
Dániel Bácsatyai
Index
