Brickwork Level 2

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. The Construction Industry (Community Buildings)
Introduction
The construction industry
The construction process
Types of building
Community buildings
Classification of communal buildings
Classification of buildings by purpose or use
List of use classes
Part A
Part B
Part C
Part D
Sui generis
Legislation
Heritage
Types of heritage
Restoration, refurbishment, preservation and renovation
Building restoration
Building refurbishment
Building preservation
Building renovation
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
The construction industry
2. Health and Safety in the Construction Industry
Safety legislation
Prevention of hazards in the workplace
Health and safety at work ACT 1974
Outline of the Act
Safety procedures and documentation
Workplace safety
Accidents
Types of hazard
Personal protective equipment
Safety signs
Prohibition signs
Mandatory signs
Warning signs
Information signs
Signs with supplementary text
Security arrangements
Visual security
Individual security
Site security
Site access
Personal security
Loss of goods and materials
Emergency procedures
Responding to emergencies
Accidents
Immediate action
Risk assessments
Site organisation
Welfare facilities
Health and hygiene
Vulnerable parts of the body
Personal hygiene
Site control
Office facilities
Site accommodation
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Health and safety in the construction industry
3. Communication and Records
Types of information
Information sources
Drawings
Programmes of work
Schedule
Specification
Policy
Mission statement
Manufacturer's technical information
Organizational documentation
Time sheets
Daywork sheets
Recording incoming materials
Site diary
Training and development records
Storing information
Interpreting information
Selecting information from simple drawings, specifications andschedules
Drawings
Specifications
Specification details
Producing simple working drawings
Scale
Scale rules
Use of scales
Producing simple drawings
Basic drawing methods
Methods of projection
Isometric projection
Oblique projection
Scaled drawings
Elevations
Plans
Sections
Quantities of materials
Method A
Method B
Types of calculation
Number
Linear
Superficial
Cubic
Time
Cost
Calculators
Decimals
The metric system
Unit of length
Unit of mass
Unit of force
Examples
Bricks
Brick calculations
Mortar calculations
Example 1
Answer 1
Example 2
Answer 2
Example 3
Answer 3
Example 4
Answer 4
Example 5
Answer 5
Example 6
Answer 6
Blocks
Blockwork
Example 7
Answer 7
Example 8
Answer 8
Mortar
Example 9
Answer 9
Example 10
Answer 10
Example 11
Answer 11
Rounding off
Openings
Example 12
Answer 12
Example 13
Answer 13
Cavity walling
Example 14
Answer 14
Perimeters
Example 15
Answer 15
Example 16
Answer 16
Example 17
Example 18
Example 19
Example 20
Answer 20
Method C: The centre line method
Example 21
Answer 21
Example 22
Answer 22 a: External dimensions
Answer 22b: Internal dimensions
Example 23
Answer 23
Example 24
Answer 24
Example 25
Answer 25
Example 26
Answer 26
Percentage for cutting and waste
Example 27
Answer 27
Example 28
Answer 28
Additional applications of the centre line method
Example 29
Answer 29
Circles and triangles
Example 30
Example 31
Answer 31
Example 32
Example 33
Answer 33
Example 34
Answer 34
Estimating
Variations
Relaying information
Methods of communication
Orally - face to face
Written
Letter writing
Report writing
Site diary
Telephone
Making notes
Positive and negative communications
Barriers to communication
Principles of customer service
Firms
Employee
Behaviour
Professional image and appearance
Personal hygiene
Use of appropriate language
Good relations, establishing the needs of others
Legal considerations
Respect of the working environment
Good timekeeping
Produce a development plan
Communications with those outside the building team
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Communication
4. Construction Technology
Working drawings
Setting out
Preliminary setting out of a building
Degree of accuracy
Ground works
Excavations
Work below ground level
Timbering
Laying concrete foundation
Brickwork up to damp-proof-course
Services
Foundations
Foundation types
Strip foundations
Atmospheric depth
Narrow strip
Wide strip foundations
Pad foundations
Raft foundations
Short bored piled foundations
Floors
Ground floors
Solid ground floors
Hollow ground floors
Underfloor ventilation against dry rot
Precast beam and pots
Floor finishes
Screeds
Floor boarding
Floating floors
Walls
Timber frames
External envelope
External walls
Strength and stability
Weather exclusion
Thermal insulation
Sound insulation
Durability
Fire resistance
Appearance
Access and egress
Internal walls
Masonry partitions
Timber-frame or stud partitions
Demountable partitions
Proprietary systems (Paramount)
Roofs
Basic roof forms
Roof components
Flat roofs
Materials
Properties of materials
Aggregates
Cement
Concrete
Lime
Mortars
Purpose
Bricks
Variety
Facing bricks
Commons
Engineering bricks
Refractories
Quality
Type
Calcium silicate bricks
Concrete bricks
Refractories
Purpose-made bricks
Blocks
Concrete blocks
Special blocks
Load-bearing
Non-load-bearing
Foundation blocks
Clay blocks
Specials
Stone
Insulation
Fibreglass
Polystyrene
Rock fibre
Vermiculite
Characteristics of materials
Compression
Density
Durability
Flexibility
Strength
Porosity
Conductivity
Expansion
Building defects
Poor design
External effects
Dampness
Moisture
Chemical attack
Fungal attack
Wet rot
Dry rot
Insect attack
Common furniture beetle
Powder post beetle
House longhorn beetle
Death-watch beetle
Protection
Wood preservation and protection
Material records
Principles of materials handling and control
Planning material deliveries
Ordering the materials
Contractor's orders
Checking deliveries on site
Storing materials on site
Processing delivery tickets and invoices
Material transfers
Controlling the use of materials
Storage control
Deliveries
Stock rotation
Withdrawals
Security
Cleanliness
Safety
Minimizing waste
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Construction technology
5. Moving and Handling Resources
Complying with product information
Material characteristics
Bulk material
Hazardous materials
Fragile or perishable materials
Miscellaneous
Material identification and limitations of use
Aggregates
Bagged materials
Portland cement
Lime
Timber materials
Softwoods
Hardwoods
Sheet materials
Boards
Plywood
Particleboards
Hardboard
Insulation board
Medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
Blockboard
Laminboard
Battenboard
Plasterboard
Steel reinforcement
Containerized materials
Paint
Petrol, diesel and oil
Rolled material
Boxed materials
Fixings
Ironmongery
Sources of information
Interpreting technical information
Manufacturers' technical information
Oral information
Written information
Tables, graphs and charts
Specification
Schedule
Textbooks
Building regulations
British standard specifications
British standard codes of practice
Agrüment certificate
Drawings
Component characteristics and limitations of use
Identifying and selecting components
Bricks
Blocks
Drainage pipes
Concrete units
Concrete kerbs
Concrete paving slabs
Concrete lintels
Roofing tiles
Flat packs
Kitchen units
Safe work practices
Summary of regulations
Common injuries
To the back/muscles
To the skin
To limbs
Strains and twists
Handling materials safely
Lifting gear
Mechanical lifting and moving machinery
Mechanical equipment
Personnel protective equipment
Storing, stacking and protecting materials and components
Objectives of storage
Purpose of storage
Storage control
Deliveries
Stock rotation
Withdrawals
Security
Cleanliness
Safety
Site storage
Site compound
Site stores
Storage areas
Workshop/yard storage
Material storage
Aggregates
Bagged materials
Bricks, blocks and stone
Drainage materials
Concrete goods
Roofing tiles
Ceramic tiles
Sheet materials
Plywood
Plasterboard
Timber lengths
Paints and flammable liquids
Containerized items
Rolled materials
Minimizing damage and waste
Disposal of materials from heights
Hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and debris
Removal of waste
How do I know what to do?
Steps to be taken if the duty of care affects you
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Moving and handling resources
6. Solid Walls and Piers
Interpretation of information
Sources of information
Information
Safe work practices
Abrasive wheels/stone saws
Cutting with power tools
Portable power tools
Electricity
Electricity supply
Site distribution
Plugs, sockets and outlets and couplers
Cables and wires
Wiring for plugs
Electric circuit breakers
Selection of resources
Setting out materials
Minimizing risks
Transporting bricks
Meeting the contract specification
Bonding solid walls - recap on basic rules
Bonding of brickwork
Principles of bonding
Dimensions
Setting out facework in a wall without openings
Setting out bonds
Dry bonding
Quoins
Damp-proof course
Tingles
Collar joint
Stretcher course
Header course
Perpends
Solid brick walls
Basic skills for one-brick walls
English bond
Flemish bond
General bonds for one-brick walls
Header bond
English bond
Straight walls: Flemish bond
Straight walls: Dutch bond
Garden wall bonds
English garden wall bond
Flemish garden wall bond
Setting out bonds
Broken bond
Stretcher bond
English bond
Flemish bond
Garden wall bonds
English garden wall bond
Flemish garden wall bond
Reverse bond
English bond
Flemish bond
Boundary walls
Detached piers
Possible problems with piers
Hollow piers
Construction
Overcoming problems
Solid English bond piers
Flemish bond piers
Construction of English bond piers
Attached piers
Construction of boundary walls
Stretcher bond
Solid brick walls
Ramps
Cutting to rake
Deadman
Procedure for marking and cutting bricks to rake
Gate pillars
Hollow piers
Fixing for gates
Fixing as the work proceeds
Copings
Materials
Bricks
Precast concrete copings
Lime staining
Positioning copings
Brick capping
Construction
Decorative features
String courses
Construction
Oversailing courses
Reinforcement
Vertical movement joints
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Solid walls
7. Constructing Cavity Walls with Openings
Building information
Definition of cavity walls
Purpose of cavity walls
Building Regulations
Function of cavity walls
Constructional requirements
Advantages of cavity wall construction
Disadvantages of cavity wall construction
Adopting safe and healthy working practices
Personal protective equipment
Manual handling of materials
Movement of materials
Working at heights
General safety
Access
Guardrails and toeboards
Selecting materials, components and equipment
Bricks and blocks
Wall ties
Air bricks
Thermal insulation
Door and window frames
Construction of cavity walls
Setting out bonds in cavity walls
Dry bonding
Reveals
Broken bond
Reverse bond
Erecting quoins in cavity walls
Thermal insulation
Coring holes
Openings
Jambs
Reveals
Sills
Thresholds
Damp-proof course cavity trays
Weep holes
Cavity details at eaves level
Openings
Purpose
Frames
Frames built in as the work proceeds
Fixing frames
Fixing frames after the wall is completed
Temporary frames
Pinch Rod
Protection of frames
Junction walls
Bonding to brick walls
Extensions to cavity walling
Vertical movement joints
Brick corbels
Cutting to rake
Deadman
Procedure for raking cutting
Alternative method, if sliding bevel is not available
Procedure for marking and cutting bricks to rake
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Cavity walls
8. Cladding to Timber, Steel and Concrete Frames
Building information
Definition of cladded walls
Functions of cladded structures
Design qualities
Constructional requirements
Adopting safe and healthy working practices
Resources
Bricks
Blocks
Lintels
Barriers to damp
Cavity trays
Components
Window and door frames
Cavity wall insulation slabs
Expansion joints
Fixings
Reinforcement
Air bricks and cavity liners
Mortar
Cladding brickwork
Framed structures
Timber frames
Brick cladding
Concrete frames
Support for brick cladding
Pistol bricks
Brick panels
Vertical movement joints
Steel frames
Panel walls to steel frames
Brick piers and columns
Hollow piers
Modern methods of construction
New developments
Structural insulated panels (SIPs)
Modular
Prefabricated buildings
Timber frame
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Cladding
9. Thin Joint Masonry
Thin joint masonry information
Manufacturers' information
Adopting safe and healthy working conditions
Resources
Blocks
Mortar
Thin joint mortar
Tools and equipment
Thin joint blockwork
Benefits of the thin joint system
Speed
Quality
Flexibility
Applications of thin joint systems
Cavity walls
Solid external walls
Partitions
Separating walls
Building thin joint systems
Plumbing blockwork
Laying to line
Bonding
Broken bond
Reverse bond
Junction walls
Cavity walls
Wall ties
Insulation
Movement joints
Reinforcement
Openings
Lintels
Damp-proof courses
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Thin joint masonry
10. Bridging Openings with Lintels and Arches
Building information
Description and brief history
Lintels
Definition
Reinforced concrete lintels
Precast lintels
Factory-made reinforced concrete lintels
Prestressed concrete plank lintels
Cast in situ lintels
Bedding lintels
Steel lintels
Internal steel lintels
External steel lintels
Lintel bearings
Reinforced brick lintel
Brick arches
Terminology
Arch types
Rough ringed arch
Axed arches
Gauged arches
Semi-circular arches
Geometry of semi-circular arches
Constructing a semi-circular arch
Segmental arches
Geometry of segmental arches
Cutting skewbacks
Constructing a segmental arch
Relieving or discharging arch
Types of support
Turning piece
Arch centres
Modern methods
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Bridging openings
11. Domestic Drainage
Interpreting technical information
Information sources
Written
Manufacturers' technical information
Oral
Drawings
Understanding drawings
Production drawings
Location drawings
Block plans
Site plans
Location plans
Component drawings
Range drawings
Assembly drawings
Schedules
Taking off quantities
Quantities of materials
Examples
Bricks
Example 1
Answer 1
Concrete
Example 2
Answer 2
Drainage
Example 3
Answer 3
Gradients
Example 4
Answer 4
Example 5
Answer 5
Safe working practices
Material and component suitability
Drainage pipes
Inspection chamber covers
Inspection chambers (manholes)
Mortar for constructing inspection chambers
Cement and sand
Plasticizers
Accelerators
Selection of mortar
Drainage systems
Definitions
Drain
Private sewer
Public sewers
Sewage
Types of water
Surface water
Foul water
Systems
Combined system
Separate system
Partially separate system
Pipes
Clay pipes
Joints
Rigid joints
Flexible joints
Bedding
Flexible bedding
UPVC (plastic) pipes
Fittings
Laying drains
Gradients
Method 1
Method 2: Boning rods
Method 3: Sight rails
Access points
Brick inspection chambers
Construction of inspection chambers
Rodding eye
Plastic inspection chambers
Precast concrete inspection chambers
Plastic inspection chambers
Precast concrete manholes
Drain testing
Equipment and procedure for carrying out the air test
Procedure for carrying out the smoke test
Procedure for carrying out the water test
Example 6
Testing inspection chambers
Backfilling
Disposal of sewage in rural areas
Cesspools
Cesspit
Septic tanks
Soakaways
Multiple-choice questions
Self-assessment
Example
Domestic drainage
12. Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 1. The Construction Industry (Community Buildings)
Chapter 2. Health and Safety in the Construction Industry
Chapter 3. Communication and Records
Chapter 4. Construction Technology
Chapter 5. Moving and Handling Resources
Chapter 6. Solid Walls and Piers
Chapter 7. Constructing Cavity Walls with Openings
Chapter 8. Cladding to Timber, Steel and Concrete Frames
Chapter 9. Thin Joint Masonry
Chapter 10. Bridging Openings with Lintels and Arches
Chapter 11. Domestic Drainage
Index