This book offers a new ecosystemic approach to the understanding of mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems. Brazil has one of the largest areas of mangroves in the world, where salt marshes might or might not be associated. Different landscapes comprise the extensive coastline, where mangrove and salt marsh species’ composition is discussed through the analysis of physiography, zonation, and succession processes. Both salt marsh and mangrove plants and the associated macroalgae will be characterized in their ecophysiological and phenological aspects, as well as genetic and epigenetic diversity. The chapters on microbial diversity and litterfall expose the well-known importance of these ecosystems as highly productive carbon sinks and pumps. The associated fauna of invertebrates (benthic meio and macrofaunas, especially brachyuran crabs) and vertebrates (fishes, birds, and mammals) are presented in a special section. The conservational approach encompasses issues, such as historical ecology, economic valuation, protected areas, environmental education, climate changes, and adaptive management.
Author(s): Yara Schaeffer-Novelli, Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira Abuchahla, Gilberto Cintrón-Molero
Series: Brazilian Marine Biodiversity
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 397
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Tropical and Subtropical Brazilian Coastal Zones
Chapter 1: The Brazilian Coastal Landscapes: A Narrative
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Amazonian Equatorial Coast (04 26′12 N to 02 20′43 S)
1.3 Septentrional Northeastern Coast (02 20′43 S to 05 04′12 S)
1.4 Oriental Northeastern Coast (05 40′12 S to 10 30′13 S)
1.5 Eastern Coast (10 30′13 S to 19 40′29 S)
1.6 Southeastern Coast (19 40′19 S to 25 39′53 S)
1.7 Southern Coast (25 39′53 S to 33 45′07 S)
1.8 Summary
References
Chapter 2: Environmental and Biotic Factors Driving Distributional Patterns in Mangrove and Salt Marsh Ecosystems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biotic Factors Influencing Species Richness and Distribution of Mangroves
2.2.1 Predation on Mangrove Propagules and Its Effects on Forest Structure
2.2.2 Bioturbation Processes Influencing Ecosystem Engineering
2.2.3 The Importance of Dispersal Ability and Factors Regulating Propagule Establishment
2.3 Environmental Factors and Physiological Adaptation
2.3.1 Climate Parameters and Its Relation to the Early Development
2.3.2 Effects of Salinity Gradients on Mangrove and Salt Marsh Species Distribution
2.3.3 Sediment Fertility and Its Influence on Mangrove Structure
2.4 Response of Mangrove and Salt Marsh Species to Sedimentary Processes
2.4.1 Depositional Process Regarding Sea Level Rise
2.4.2 Erosional Process Concerning Extreme Events
2.4.3 Sedimentary Processes Across Scales
2.5 Climate Change and Its Effects on Mangrove Forests and Salt Marshes
2.5.1 Mangrove and Salt Marsh Vulnerability to Climate Change
2.6 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 3: Variability of Mangroves Along the Brazilian Coast: Revisiting
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Scales and Variability in Mangrove Macroecology
3.3 The Coastal Environmental Setting (CES) Framework
3.4 Aboveground Biomass
3.5 Net Primary Productivity - Litterfall (NPPL)
3.6 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) Stocks
3.7 Advancing the CES Framework: Challenges for Mangrove Macroecologists
3.8 CES Restrict the Atlantic South American Mangrove Limit
3.9 Dynamic Framing and the Three Coastal Domains
3.10 Final Remarks
References
Part II: The Mangrove Ecosystem
Chapter 4: Reproductive Phenology of the Brazilian Mangrove Species
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodological Approaches
4.3 Phenological Patterns
4.4 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 5: Genetic and Epigenetic Diversity of Mangrove Plants: Markers of Adaptation in a Changing Environment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Importance of Genetic Diversity
5.3 Brazilian Mangrove Evolutionary Theories
5.4 Methods in Genetic and Evolutionary Studies
5.5 A Look into the Studies on Genetic Diversity
5.6 The Current Knowledge Obtained from Genetic and Epigenetic Markers in Mangroves of the Americas and Brazil
5.7 The Future of Genetic and Epigenetic Studies on Mangrove Plants
References
Chapter 6: Latitudinal Variation in Brazilian Mangroves´ Annual Litterfall as Evidence of Maximum Power and Geoecological Mani...
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Brazilian Mangrove Forests´ Annual Litterfall
6.2.1 Annual Litterfall
6.3 On the Causes for Litterfall Productivity
6.4 Final Remarks
References
Part III: Mangrove and Salt Marsh Associates
Chapter 7: The Microbiota of Brazilian Mangroves
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microbial Loop
7.3 Microorganisms in Brazilian Mangrove Sediments
7.3.1 Bacterial and Archea Diversity in Brazilian Mangrove Sediments
7.3.2 Fungi Diversity in Brazilian Mangrove Sediments
7.3.3 Virus Diversity in Brazilian Mangrove Sediments
7.4 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Mangrove Macroalgal Communities
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Species Composition
8.3 Diversity of Algal Propagules
8.4 Ecology
8.5 Cultivation
8.6 Chemical Diversity and Biotechnological Application
8.6.1 Mangrove Macroalgae
8.6.2 Algicolous Fungi
8.7 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 9: Macro- and Meiofaunal Communities in Brazilian Mangroves and Salt Marshes
9.1 Benthic Environment
9.2 Benthic Fauna
9.2.1 Mangrove Crabs
9.2.2 Other Crustaceans
9.2.3 Mollusks
9.2.4 Polychaetes
9.2.5 Other Groups
9.2.6 Meiofauna
9.3 Ecological Role
9.4 Species of Social-Economic Relevance
9.5 Anthropic Impact on Mangrove Benthic Fauna
9.6 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 10: Brachyuran Crabs of Brazilian Mangrove and Salt Marsh Ecosystems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Criteria for Species Compilation
10.3 Species Richness and Geographical Distribution
10.4 Zonation
10.4.1 Hard Bottom Crabs in Mangroves
10.4.2 Soft Bottom Crabs in Mangroves
10.4.3 Hard Bottom Crabs in Salt Marshes
10.4.4 Soft Bottom Crabs in Salt Marshes
10.5 Ecological Role
10.6 Fisheries and Socioeconomic Relevance
10.7 Threats, Management, and Conservation
10.8 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 11: Fish Communities of Mangroves and Salt Marshes Along the Brazilian Coast
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Review on Fish Diversity in Brazilian Mangroves and Salt Marshes
11.3 Final Remarks
Appendix
References
Chapter 12: Mangrove and Salt Marsh Migratory and Resident Birds
12.1 Importance of Mangroves and Salt Marshes to Birds
12.2 Bird Adaptations to Live in Mangroves and Salt Marshes
12.3 Bird Diversity Across Mangroves and Salt Marshes
12.3.1 Mangrove Birds
12.3.1.1 Exclusive Species
12.3.1.2 Regular Species
12.3.1.3 Occasional Species
12.3.1.4 Migrant Species
12.3.1.5 Knowledge Gaps in Species Composition
12.3.1.6 Conservation
12.3.2 Salt Marsh Birds
12.3.2.1 Exclusive Species
12.3.2.2 Regular Species
12.3.2.3 Occasional Species
12.3.2.4 Migrant Species
12.3.2.5 Conservation
12.4 Threats to Birds in Mangroves and Salt Marshes
12.5 Conservation Challenges and Initiatives
12.6 Knowledge Gaps
12.6.1 Field Studies
12.7 Final Remarks
Appendix
References
Chapter 13: Flagship Species: Manatees as Tools for Mangrove Conservation in Northeast Brazil
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus): Biogeography, Ecology, and Cultural Value
13.3 Manatee Conservation: Threats and Actions
13.3.1 The Brazilian Antillean Manatee Reintroduction Program
13.3.2 Community Conservation and Ecotourism
13.4 Final Remarks
References
Part IV: Conservation Strategies
Chapter 14: The Eco-history of Brazilian Mangroves
14.1 Precolonial Era
14.2 Colonial Era
14.3 Postcolonial Era
14.4 Republic of Brazil to Actual Times
14.5 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 15: Sociocultural Valuation of Mangroves: Subsidies for Public Policies Towards the Conservation of Brazilian Coastal ...
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Ecosystem Services: The Sociocultural Approach
15.3 Calculating the Importance of Local Economy: The Fisheries Example
15.4 Exploitation of Mangroves for Aquaculture and Other Monocultures
15.5 The Coast of Cear State as Case Study
15.6 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 16: Mangrove and Salt Marsh Protected Areas in Brazil
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Threats to Mangroves and Salt Marshes
16.3 A Historical Review of Protected Areas in Brazil
16.4 Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza (National System of Protected Areas, SNUC)
16.5 Controversies
16.6 On the Support to Protected Areas in Brazil
16.7 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 17: Contribution of Environmental Education to Mangrove Conservation
17.1 Education and Challenges for the Conservation of Mangroves
17.2 Different Views on Environmental Education in Brazil
17.3 Mangroves and Environmental Education
17.4 The Maravilhosos Manguezais do Brasil Initiative
17.5 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 18: The Mangrove-Salt Marsh Complex: A Dynamic Landscape Approach
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Assemblages, Complex Systems, or a Continuum of Coastal Marsh Ecosystems
18.2.1 Mangrove and Salt Marshes as a Continuum
18.3 The Highly Dynamic Coastal Marshes
18.4 Salt Marshes in Brazil
18.4.1 The Apicum Feature
18.5 The Gap for Salt Marshes: Discontinuity
18.6 The Freshwater Barrier to Mangrove and Salt Marsh Colonization
18.7 What to Expect from Climate Change?
18.8 Marshes and Mangrove Forests Under a Wholistic Perspective: From Ecosystems to Landscape
18.9 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 19: Coastal Zone Adaptive Management in the Context of Complex Adaptive Systems
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Coastal Ecosystem Features
19.3 Coastal Zone Landscape Management and Ecosystem Properties
19.4 Managing Adaptive Systems
19.5 Primum Non Nocere
19.6 Final Remarks
References
Index
