Brazilian Geography: In Theory and in the Streets

Contents
1 Introduction
References
Part I Theoretical Contributions and Challenges for Brazilian Geography
2 Critical Geography: From the Office to the Streets
2.1 Introduction
2.2 “The Crisis of and in Geography”
2.3 The Unity of Crisis-Criticism
2.4 Geography Comes to the Streets
2.5 A Pause for Reflection: At Coffee Break
2.6 Geography in the Streets: The AGB—“A Necessary Breath of Fresh Air”
2.7 Final Reflection
References
3 Far Beyond the ‘Natural Environment’: Geography at the Crossroads of the Capitalocene
3.1 ‘Anthropocene,’ ‘Capitalocene’… and the Geographers
3.2 From the ‘Natural Environment’ to the Concrete Environment to the Environment-Territory-Place Approach
3.3 Better Late Than Never: The Emergence of Environmental Geography
3.4 The Capitalocene at the (Semi-)periphery of World Capitalism
3.5 Conclusion: Escaping the Twentieth Century
References
4 Brazilian Geography and the Study of Territorial Formation
4.1 The Presence of the Past: Immanent Permanence
4.2 The Case of the Colony that Was the Seat of the Metropole
4.3 Historical Geographies, Histories of Geography and Territorial Formation in Brazil
4.4 Eternal Returns in the Territorial Formation of Brazil
References
5 Man is His Being in the World. Geography and Geographicity
5.1 Geographicity
5.2 The Forms of Geographicity
5.3 Primitive Accumulation and the Framework of Modern Geographicity
5.4 The Adventures of Autopoiesis
5.5 The Spatial Malaise of Modern Society
References
6 Physical Geography and the Study of Environmental Problems: The Brazilian Contribution
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physical Geography Post-1970s
6.3 From Studies of Nature to the Environment
6.4 Environmental Studies, Topics Covered
6.5 The Debate and Paths of Environmental Analysis in Brazil
6.6 Final Notes
References
7 The Study of Cities in Brazilian Geography
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pioneers in Brazilian Urban Geography
7.3 Brazilian Cities Analysed by Urban Geographers
7.4 The Production of Urban Geography Over the Last 30 years (1989–2021)
7.5 The National Symposia on Urban Geography (Simpurbs)
7.6 The Cidades Journal
7.7 Conclusions
References
8 The Production of Urban Space and “Critical Geography”
8.1 From Geography to Metageography
8.2 Repercussions of This Investigation
8.2.1 The Level of Social Relations Producing Space
8.2.2 The Accumulation of Capital as a Moment of the Reproduction of Urban Space
8.3 The Struggles for Space in Space
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Dialogues on Brazilian Political Geography and Its Perspectives in the Twenty-First Century
9.1 Political Geography and Geopolitics in Brazil: Traditions and Changes
9.2 Geopolitics of Knowledge
9.3 Political Geography and Its Disciplinary Dialogues
9.4 State Management and Political Geography
9.5 Intradisciplinary Dialogues
9.6 A Note on School Geography and Political Geography
9.7 Territory in the Dialogues of Political Geography
9.8 Final Considerations
References
10 The Consensual Divorce of Geography. Adherence to Neoliberalism, the Cult of Freedom and the Overthrow of Democracy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Vulgate of Liberal Freedom
10.3 Neoliberalism Against Democracy
10.4 The Neoliberal Bureaucratic Symbiosis
10.5 The State and the Mapping of Social Rights
10.6 The Consensual Divorce of Geography
References
11 Scientific Research and the Construction of the Field of Teaching of Geography in Schools: Trends and Challenges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Development of the Field of the Teaching of Geography
11.3 The Indissociability Between Initial and Continuing Teacher Education, Research and Outreach
References
12 The Contribution of Milton Santos to the Theoretical Formation of Brazilian Geography
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Education in Bahia and His Doctorate in Strasbourg: Regional Geography and Planning
12.3 Proposals for Autonomous Thought: The Two Circuits of the Urban Economy and Socio-Spatial Formation
12.4 The Nature of Space and the Current Conditions of Its Transformation
12.5 The Strength of Place: Towards Another Globalisation
References
13 Carlos Augusto de Figueiredo Monteiro and the Construction of Brazilian Geographical Climatology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 A Perspective on Climate in Search of Its True Comprehension
13.3 The Rhythms of Time: The Need for an Approach Using a Fine Spatio-Temporal Scale
13.4 The UCS—Urban Climate System
13.5 Conclusions and Final Considerations
References
14 Aziz Nacib Ab’Saber and the Professionalisation of Research in Geomorphology in Brazilian Geography Courses
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Institutional Spaces Prior to the Creation of Universities in Brazil
14.3 Aziz Nacib Ab’Saber's Contribution to the Formation of Geographic Geomorphology in Brazil
14.4 Final Reflections
References
Part II Brazilian Geography, a Geography of the Street
15 The Right to the City and the Housing in Brazilian Cities
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Overview of Housing Insecurity in Brazil
15.3 Urban Land Ownership: A Factor in Socio-Spatial Inequality
15.4 The World of Work and the Production of Affordable Housing
15.5 The Institutional Process of Recognising the Right to Housing
15.6 The Production of ‘Social-Interest’ Housing by the State
15.7 The Relentless Struggles for the Right to Housing and the City
15.8 Final Considerations
References
16 The Long March of the Brazilian Peasantry: Socioterritorial Movements, Conflicts and Agrarian Reform
16.1 Principles and Assumptions
16.2 A History of Fighting and Violence
16.3 “He Who Knows the Time, Does Not Wait for it to Happen”
16.4 Conflicts and Land Occupations
16.5 The Brazilian State and Agrarian Reform
16.6 The Fernando Henrique Cardoso Government and Agrarian Reform
16.7 The Future … in the New Twenty First Century
17 Land and Food: The New Struggles of the Landless Workers Movement (MST)
17.1 Current Situation of the Struggle for Land and Agrarian Reform
17.2 Land and Food: The MST’s Struggle for the Price of Ecological Rice
17.3 Ecological Rice Production and Price Struggles
17.4 Conclusion
References
18 Geography and Indigenous Peoples: Struggles of Resistance
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Expansion Fronts in Guaraní Lands
18.3 Tehoka Renewals and Guarani R-existences, An Ontological Turn
18.4 Guarani and Kaiowá R-existences: Impasses and Challenges
18.5 Final Considerations
References
19 The Geography of Labour Under Construction: Theoretical Challenges and Research Praxis
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Geography of Labour: A Theoretical Construction in Motion
19.3 Contemporaneity of the Total Lack of Protection of the Subjects of Labour and the Working Class
19.4 Labour and the Working Class in the Digital Age, in Times of COVID-19
19.5 Final Considerations
References
20 A Popular Environmentalism in Defence of Life, Dignity and Territory (An Autobiographical Contribution from an Activist Geographer)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Constitution of the Environmental Field
References
21 Decolonisation Challenges of the Brazilian/Latin American Geography/ies
21.1 Questioning Replicant Logic and Eurocentrism
21.2 The Decolonial Challenge and Brazilian Geography
21.3 An Example of Conceptual Decolonisation: Territory and Multiplicity of De-territorialisation Processes
21.4 Some Final Considerations
References
22 Brazilian Feminist Geographies: Occupying Space, Resisting Negation and Producing Challenges to Geography
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Recent Feminisation of Brazilian Geography
22.3 The Fissures of Male Power in Brazilian Geography and the Tension Caused by Approaches to Gender and Sexualities
22.4 Feminist Epistemologies: Love as an Element of Spatial Policy and the Ethics of Caring for Life
22.5 Closing Remarks
References
23 Association of Brazilian Geographers (AGB): The Construction of a Geography of Struggle
23.1 Introduction
23.2 From Foundation to Democratic Refoundation
23.3 From Democratic Refoundation to the Dilemmas of the Pandemic
23.4 Conclusion
References
Epilogue