Brain-Iron Cross Talk

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Iron, Brain Function and Behavior
Chapter 1: Iron and Neuro-Cognition
1 Introduction
2 Delicate Regulation of Iron in the Brain
3 Iron Buildup and Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.1 Friedreich´s Ataxia
3.2 Wilson´s Disease
3.3 Alzheimer´s Disease (AD)
3.4 Case Study
4 Brain Running Short on Iron
4.1 Iron Deficiency and Neurotransmitters Synthesis, Signaling, and Energy Demand
4.2 Neurons Insulation (Myelination)
4.3 Developmental Delays
4.4 ADHD
4.5 RLS
4.6 Effect of Iron on the Dopaminergic and Serotonergic System
5 Brain Iron Research Has a Way to Go
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: The Interplay between Iron and Oxidative Stress in Brain Neurodegenerative Diseases
1 Iron as an Essential Micronutrient
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Dietary Sources, Forms and Requirements of Iron
1.2.1 Iron Dietary Sources
1.2.2 Iron Forms
1.2.3 Human Requirements of Iron
1.3 Iron Bioavailability
1.4 Iron Metabolism
1.4.1 Iron Uptake, Absorption, and Transportation
1.4.2 Iron Utilization, Circulation, Reutilization, and Storage
1.4.3 Iron Excretion and Regulation
1.5 Brain Iron
2 Oxidative Stress, Iron Overload, and Brain Degenerative Diseases
2.1 The Concept of Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling
2.2 The Crosstalk Between Iron and Redox Signaling and the Consequences of Iron Homeostasis Impairment
2.3 Iron Overload, Oxidative Stress, and Brain Degenerative Diseases (Selective Cases)
3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Specific Nutritional Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Iron Overload and Other Hallmarks of Brain Degenerative Disea...
1 Therapeutic Opportunities from Nutritional Point of View
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nutritional Therapeutic Opportunities
1.2.1 Nutritional Treatment of Iron Overload
Iron Chelators
Natural Antioxidants
1.2.2 Diet Modification
Diets Rich in Iron Chelators, Antioxidants, and Neurogenerative Molecules
Caloric Restriction Diets
Mediterranean Diet
Gut Microbiota
2 Iron Between Deficiency and Overload
3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Mediterranean Diet and Neuro-Cognition: Focus on Alzheimer Disease
1 Introduction
2 Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Health
3 Mediterranean Diet and Alzheimer Disease
3.1 Fish, Dietary Fatty Acids and Risk of Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer´s Disease
3.2 Olive Oil and Risk of Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer´s Disease
3.3 Dairy Products and Risk of Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer´s Disease
3.4 Tea, Coffee and Risk of Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer´s Disease
3.5 Fruits, Vegetables and Risk of Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer´s Disease
4 Possible Mechanisms of Mediterranean Diet
5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Brain Disorders Related to Iron
Chapter 5: The Critical Roleplay of Iron Neurochemistry in Progression of Parkinson´s Disease
1 Introduction
2 Brain Iron Transport
2.1 Overview of Iron Movement across Brain
2.2 Astrocyte Iron Movement
2.3 Oligodendrocytes (Transferrin Secretion)
2.4 Microglia
3 Iron Metabolism in Brain
3.1 Absorption
3.2 Storage
3.3 Brain Iron Toxicity and Accumulation
4 Gut Microbiota: A Bridging Stone Between Iron Metabolism and Neurodegeneration
5 Biochemical Pathways Accelerating Iron Aggregation
5.1 Disabled Iron Discharge
5.2 Modified Iron Deposition
5.3 Enhanced Iron Influx
6 Altered Neurobiology of Iron in PD
6.1 Abnormal Iron Homeostasis under Pathophysiological Condition of PD
6.2 Interconnection Between Iron and Alpha Synuclein
6.3 Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Induced Cell Death
6.4 How Oxidative Stress Is Linked to Iron Imbalance
7 Ferroptosis -Cell Death Pathway in PD Utilizing Iron
8 Treatment Strategies for Parkinson´s Disease Targeting Iron Homeostasis
8.1 Iron Chelators: A Promising Treatment for PD
9 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 6: Iron-Calcium Crosstalk in Neurodegenerative Diseases
1 Introduction
2 Iron
2.1 Homeostasis and Repercussion of Altered Concentration of Brain Iron
2.2 Brain Anomalies and Iron
3 Calcium
3.1 Homeostasis and Repercussion of Altered Concentration of Brain Calcium
3.2 Brain Anomalies and Calcium
4 Calcium-Iron Crosstalk: A Strange Phenomenon
5 Ferroptosis: A Cell Death
5.1 Iron Balancing in Ferroptosis
5.2 Calcium and Iron Induced Cell Death: Play Collective Role in Oxytosis or Ferroptosis
6 Connecting Link to Neurodegeneration: Iron, Calcium, and Ferroptosis
6.1 Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN)
6.2 Calcineurin
6.3 Ryanodine Receptor
6.4 Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4)
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Iron and Alzheimer´s Disease
1 Introduction
2 Alzheimer´s Disease
2.1 Pathogenesis
2.2 Symptoms and Treatments
3 Brain Iron Metabolism
3.1 What Is Iron?
3.2 Iron Absorption and Transport into the Brain
3.3 Iron Regulation in the Brain
4 Iron and Alzheimer´s Disease: What Is the Interplay?
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Iron and Multiple Sclerosis
1 Introduction
2 Brain-Iron Homeostasis
2.1 Iron Uptake in the Brain
3 Imaging and Brain Iron in Multiple Sclerosis
4 Disruption of Iron Homeostasis in Multiple Sclerosis
4.1 Iron Accumulation in Brain
4.2 Ferroptosis: Tissue Damage Via Iron Accumulation
5 Astrocytes
6 Oligodendrocytes
7 Grey Matter Iron Accumulation
8 White Matter Iron Deposition
9 Iron Genetic Relation in Multiple Sclerosis
10 Iron Chelation Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis
11 Chelation Therapy in EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis
11.1 Impact of Brain Iron Accumulation on Cognition and Memory
11.2 Brain Iron in Fetus Development
11.3 Association of Aging to Iron Induced Neurodegeneration
12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Iron and Epilepsy
1 Introduction
1.1 Epilepsy- a Neurological Disorder
1.2 Epilepsy Prevalence around the World
1.3 Epilepsy in Adults
1.4 Risk Factors of Epilepsy
1.5 Epilepsy Classification
1.6 Seizure
1.6.1 The Structure of Classification
1.6.2 Classification of Seizure
1.6.3 Seizures Are further Classified into Three Based on the Onset (Auvin, 2018)
2 Mortality in Epilepsy
3 Neuropathology of Epileptic Seizures
4 Iron in Brain
5 Modulation of Erythropoiesis in the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
6 Brain Iron Deposition and Neuronal Death
7 Iron in Epilepsy
8 Epilepsy Induced by Iron
9 Iron Metabolic Process in Epilepsy
10 Histopathological Changes in the Epileptic Brain Tissue
11 Histopathological Changes in the Iron Induced Epileptic Brain Tissue
12 Management of Epilepsy
12.1 Initial Management of Epilepsy
12.2 Diagnosis of Epilepsy
12.3 Pharmaceutical Intervention
12.4 Few Common Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs)
12.5 Common Basic Issues Using Anti-Epileptic Drugs
12.6 Epilepsy that Is Resistant to Medication
12.7 Surgical Therapy
12.8 Alternative Treatment Options
12.9 Precision Medicine
13 Treatment of Epilepsy Induced by Iron
14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Iron and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
1 Introduction to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
2 Epidemiology
3 Signs and Symptoms
4 Introduction to Iron
5 Overview of the Anatomy of Brain
6 Homeostasis of Iron in the Brain
7 Early Brain Injury Post-SAH
8 Cerebral Vasospasm Post-SAH
9 Role of Iron after SAH
10 Body´s Defense against Unbound Heme
11 SAH Markers
11.1 Hepcidin
11.2 Haptoglobin
11.3 Haptoglobin Genotype
11.4 Total Iron Binding Capacity
12 Other Markers
13 Heme-Oxygenase 1
14 Ferroptosis
15 Biomarker for Ferroptosis
16 Ferroptosis and GPX4
17 Ferroptosis and Liproxstatin-1
18 Intracerebral Iron Accumulation
19 SAH and Acute Seizures
20 SAH and Acute Hydrocephalus
21 MRI-QSM (Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping)
22 Nimodipine and Deferoxamine
23 Treatment of Neurotoxicity Caused by HB with Vitreous
24 Heat Shock Protein (HSP) and SAH
25 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Iron Deficiency and Psychiatric Disorders
1 Introduction
2 The Association Between ID and Psychiatric Disorders
2.1 Anxiety Disorders
2.2 Depressive Disorders
2.3 Bipolar Disorders
2.4 Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses
2.5 ID and Women´s Mental Health
2.5.1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
2.5.2 Iron and Pregnancy
3 Explaining Mechanisms of the Relationship Between ID and Psychiatric Disorders
4 Iron Supplementation and Risk of Psychiatric Disorders
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Iron and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Role of Iron in Nervous System Development
3 Iron and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
3.1 Iron and Neural Tube Defects
3.2 Iron and Autism Spectrum Disorder
3.3 Iron and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Iron and Neuropathies
1 Introduction
2 Iron and Nerve Conduction
3 Iron and Neuropathies
3.1 Optic Neuropathy
3.2 Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA)
3.2.1 Neuroferritinopathy
3.2.2 Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
3.3 Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Neuropathies
3.4 Iron and Metabolic Neuropathies
3.5 Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) and Neuropathy
3.6 Diabetic Neuropathy
3.7 Rubrometabolic Syndrome
3.8 Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
3.9 Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS)
4 Concluding Remarks
References