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Blockchain Technology for Smart Grids: Implementation, management and security

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Smart grids with distributed clean energy generation, storage and prosumers are the future of energy systems. They need two-way digital communication between multiple customers and suppliers of energy, to produce, buy and sell electricity to the grid at small scales. These arrangements need a system that maintains, checks, and registers information about transactions.

Blockchain technology is able to handle these requirements with smart contracts, peer-to-peer energy trading and immutable transactions. A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions that can be accessed across the entire network of computer systems. Combined with sensors to track energy flows, blockchain can enable the smart grid.

After an introduction to blockchain, chapters cover integration with IoT, IoT- and blockchain-enabled smart grids, use of sensors, security and privacy, use of machine and deep learning, energy storage and transaction, as well as use of cryptocurrencies for transactions.

Written by an international team with the necessary multi-disciplinarity, this work for researchers in power systems as well as economists with related interests covers the use of blockchain technology for smart grids.

Author(s): H.L. Gururaj, Kumar V. Ravi, Francesco Flammini, Hong Lin, B. Goutham, Kumar B.R. Sunil, C. Sivapragash
Series: IET Energy Engineering Series, 211
Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 325
City: London

Contents
About the Editors
1 Blockchain: a new era of technology
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Properties of blockchain
1.1.2 How blockchain works
1.2 Components of blockchain
1.2.1 Distributed ledger: historical record which is immutable
1.2.2 Peer-to-peer network: maintains distributed ledger
1.2.3 Wallet: stores user credentials
1.2.4 Smart contract: automates the transaction
1.2.5 Events: blockchain update notifications
1.2.6 Systems management: manages components of blockchain
1.2.7 Systems integration: integrates external system with blockchain
1.3 Blockchain actors
1.3.1 Blockchain architect
1.3.2 Blockchain network operator
1.3.3 Blockchain developer
1.3.4 Processing platforms
1.3.5 Blockchain regulator
1.3.6 Data storage
1.3.7 Blockchain user
1.4 Types of blockchain
1.4.1 Public blockchain
1.4.2 Private blockchain
1.4.3 Hybrid blockchain
1.4.4 Consortium blockchain
1.5 Transaction flow
1.5.1 Client initiates a transaction
1.5.2 Endorsing peers verify signature and execute the transaction
1.5.3 Proposal responses are inspected
1.5.4 Client assembles endorsements into a transaction
1.5.5 Transaction is validated and committed
1.5.6 Ledger updated
1.6 Cryptography in blockchain
1.6.1 Cryptography types
1.6.2 Use of cryptography in blockchain
1.7 Blockchain Merkle tree
1.8 Consensus in blockchain
1.8.1 Types of consensus algorithm
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Integration of blockchain with IoT-enabled sensor networks for smart grids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Internet of Things
2.2.1 Mechanism behind IoT
2.2.2 Empowering technologies for the IoT
2.2.3 Significance of IoT
2.3 Wireless sensor networks
2.3.1 Characteristics of WSNs
2.3.2 WSNs data transmission energy consumption model
2.4 Smart grids
2.4.1 Purpose of the smart grid
2.4.2 Grid structure in a traditional Grid
2.5 IoT-enabled sensor networks for smart grids
2.5.1 Smart grid: in action
2.5.2 Implementation challenges for IoT-based smart grids
2.5.3 How smart cities are using smart grid technology to benefit their communities
2.5.4 Advantages of smart grid
2.6 Blockchain for IoT
2.6.1 Advantages of decentralization
2.6.2 Challenges of adopting blockchain in IoT applications
2.7 Vulnerabilities in IoT
2.7.1 Problems at sensing layer
2.7.2 Problems of security in network layer
2.7.3 Security problems at middleware layer
2.7.4 Security problems at gateways
2.7.5 Security problems at application layer
2.8 Scalability in IoT
2.9 Conclusion
References
3 Blockchain technology as a solution to address security and privacy issues in IoT
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Security and privacy concerns in the IoT
3.2.1 Limitations of IoT network
3.2.2 Security and privacy attacks of IoT
3.3 Blockchain technology concepts
3.3.1 Blockchain types
3.3.2 Core components of a blockchain
3.3.3 Key features of blockchain technology for IoT security and privacy
3.3.4 Integration of blockchain in IoT-layered architecture
3.3.5 Benefits of blockchain in IoT
3.3.6 Blockchain application in solving IoT security and privacy issues
3.3.7 Commercial implementations of blockchain in supply chain management
3.3.8 Newer application areas of blockchain
3.4 Open issues and research areas of blockchain in IoT
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Secured energy-efficient routing protocol with game-based fuzzy Q-learning approach for smart grid systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Routing protocols in SGs
4.3 Review of related works
4.3.1 Framework of secured energy-efficient routing protocol for SG communication
4.4 An improved energy-efficient zone-based routing protocol (IZCG) for SG communications
4.4.1 Estimation of node die-out rate
4.5 An energy-efficient DC and control technique
4.5.1 Algorithm for DC estimation
4.5.2 Algorithm for path discovery process during packet transmission
4.5.3 Algorithm for predecessor CFS node receive CSP
4.6 Record- and trust-based mechanism for SND in SG communications
4.6.1 Selfish node detection
4.6.2 RTBD mechanism
4.6.3 Algorithm: SND–EDCDC–IZCG mechanism
4.7 Cognitive radio multichannel MAC protocol for second channel utilization
4.7.1 Cognitive radio multichannel MAC protocol
4.8 G-FQL approach
4.8.1 Pricing mechanism
4.8.2 Routing process
4.8.3 Routing cost
4.9 Simulation results
4.9.1 Throughput
4.9.2 Packet delivery ratio
4.9.3 Packet drop ratio
4.9.4 Delay
4.9.5 Control overhead
4.10 Conclusion
References
5 Blockchain-based secured IoT-enabled smart grid system
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Paradigm shift of conventional power grid system to the SG system
5.1.2 SG system
5.1.3 Advanced metering infrastructure
5.1.4 Challenges and issues in SG system
5.1.5 Blockchain-based security
5.2 Literature survey
5.3 Blockchain-based secured IoT-enabled SG system
5.3.1 Immutability of data in MDMS ledger
5.3.2 Adversary avoidance in HAN
5.4 Result and analysis
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Deployment of IoT-based sensor data management in smart grids
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Internet of things
6.3 SG
6.4 Requirement of SGs
6.5 Challenges of SGs
6.6 IoT services to SG
6.6.1 Requirements for using IoT in SG
6.7 Sources of data
6.8 Procedure for IoT-based sensor data management in SGs
6.8.1 Requirements of data collection in SGs and the analyzing technique
6.8.2 Process of IoT-based sensor data management in SGs
6.9 Advantages of placing the sensors in SGs
6.9.1 Predictive maintenance/condition-based maintenance
6.9.2 Identification of topology
6.9.3 Renewable energy forecasting
6.9.4 Data management issues in SG
6.10 Benefits of sensor data management in SGs
6.11 Future trends and tendencies
6.12 Conclusion
References
7 Security and privacy of smart grid data and management using blockchain technology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 SG
7.3 Blockchain technology
7.4 Consensus mechanisms
7.5 Blockchain applications to provide security in SG
7.5.1 SGs equipment maintenance
7.5.2 Power generation and distribution
7.5.3 Security and privacy in power conservation techniques
7.5.4 Energy trading in electric vehicles
7.5.5 Peer-to-peer trading infrastructure
7.6 Case study of blockchain in SGs
7.6.1 Blockchain in advanced metering infrastructure
7.6.2 Decentralized energy trading and market using blockchain
7.6.3 Monitoring, measuring, and controlling using blockchain
7.6.4 Blockchain-based access control protocol in IoT-enabled SG system
7.6.5 Blockchain-based cybersecurity and advanced distribution in SG
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Machine learning and deep-learning algorithms for blockchain and IoT-driven smart grids
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Privacy-preserving data aggregation mechanism based on blockchain and homomorphic encryption for smart grid
8.3 Evaluation of the scheme
8.3.1 System version
8.3.2 Models of assault
8.4 The scheme that has been proposed
8.4.1 Setting up the machine
8.4.2 Authentication system
8.4.3 Blockchain transaction report
8.5 Units of low-excellent statistics are processed
8.6 Evaluation of overall performance as well as safety
8.6.1 Overhead in computation
8.6.2 Cost of computation
8.6.3 Protection of personal information
8.7 DL mechanisms
8.7.1 Identification of smart grid equipment
8.8 Blockchain layers
8.9 Collection algorithms
8.9.1 Previous mechanism knowledge algorithms
8.9.2 Difference between mechanism knowledge and profound knowledge algorithms
8.10 Smart grids
8.11 IoT machine identification
8.12 Method
8.12.1 Structure block designed for potential IoT machine organization: blockchain as well as 5G MEC
8.12.2 A mixture blockchain organization designed for the elegant network
8.12.3 Blockchain container subsists separated into three types: community, confidential, along with association blockchain
8.12.4 Learn on top of mixture blockchain disagreement algorithms
8.13 Blockchain and IoT for smart grids
8.13.1 Blockchain principles and strength
8.14 DL insists reaction within the elegant network
8.15 State-of-the-art DL procedures for call for reaction and smart grids
8.15.1 Power pilfering recognition
8.15.2 Energy sharing and trading
8.15.3 Inducement base immediate DR algorithm designed for elegant grid
8.16 Challenge with sufficient methodological solutions be accessible now
8.16.1 Active price designed for call for reaction within the microgrid
8.16.2 Stack forecasting within the clever grid
8.16.3 Cyberattacks in bidirectional strength buying and selling
8.17 Conclusion
References
9 Cloud computing-based techniques for blockchain-based smart grids
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 SG introduction
9.2 Use of blockchain in SG
9.2.1 Blockchain
9.2.2 Approach for blockchain-based SG
9.2.3 Applications of blockchain in SG
9.2.4 Proposed architecture
9.2.5 Transactions
9.3 Cloud computing uses in SG
9.3.1 Cloud computing
9.4 Integration of blockchain and cloud in SG
9.4.1 Benefits of using blockchain in SG
9.4.2 Layers of SG and blockchain applications in different layers
9.5 How is blockchain run on cloud?
9.6 Blockchain-based decentralized cloud computing
9.7 Blockchain-based decentralized cloud solutions
9.7.1 Ankr
9.7.2 Dfinity
9.7.3 Solana
9.8 Cloud-based techniques for blockchain-based SG
9.8.1 Cloud-based demand response
9.8.2 Cloud-based economic power dispatching
9.9 Challenges while merging blockchain with SG
9.9.1 Issues of scalability
9.9.2 Chances for centralization
9.10 Conclusion
References
10 Smart grid: energy storage and transaction
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Background
10.2.1 Blockchain
10.2.2 Smart grid
10.2.3 Need for smart grids
10.3 Blockchain applications in smart grid
10.3.1 Blockchain applications in energy transaction
10.3.2 Energy storage in blockchain
10.3.3 Blockchain applications in energy trading
10.4 Construction of transaction platform
10.4.1 Handling of transaction request
10.4.2 Store transaction
10.4.3 Access transaction
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Development of novel cryptocurrencies for IoT—blockchain-enabled smart grid platforms
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Blockchain background
11.2.1 Blockchain fundamentals
11.2.2 DLT, blockchain, and smart contract
11.2.3 Blockchain categories
11.2.4 Consensus mechanisms
11.3 IoT blockchain in smart grid
11.3.1 Moving toward decentralized smart grid system
11.3.2 Motivations of applying blockchain in smart grid paradigm
11.4 Blockchain contribution in smart grid
11.4.1 Blockchain for advanced metering infrastructure
11.4.2 Blockchain in decentralized energy trading and market
11.4.3 Use of blockchain to monitor, measure, and control
11.4.4 Blockchain on EVs and charging units management
11.4.5 Use of blockchain in microgrid
11.5 Cryptocurrency initiatives
11.5.1 SolarCoin
11.5.2 NRGcoin
11.5.3 Electronic energy coin
11.5.4 KWHCoin
11.5.5 TerraGreen coin
11.6 Blockchain contributions in smart grid
11.6.1 Blockchain-based infrastructure for smart metering
11.6.2 Autonomous energy trading and market utilizing blockchain
11.6.3 Monitoring, measuring, and controlling using blockchain
11.7 Hash algorithm
11.7.1 Mathematical implementation of Merkle trees for creation and verification
11.8 Conclusion
References
Index