Blockchain Technology: Applications and Challenges

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This book discusses the various open issues of blockchain technology, such as the efficiency of blockchain in different domains of digital cryptocurrency, smart contracts, smart education system, smart cities, cloud identity and access, safeguard to cybersecurity and health care. For the first time in human history, people across the world can trust each other and transact over a large peer-to-peer networks without any central authority. This proves that, trust can be built not only by centralized institution but also by protocols and cryptographic mechanisms. The potential and collaboration between organizations and individuals within peer networks make it possible to potentially move to a global collaborative network without centralization. Blockchain is a complex social, economic and technological phenomenon. This questions what the established terminologies of the modern world like currency, trust, economics and exchange would mean. To make any sense, one needs to realize how much insightful and potential it is in the context and the way it is technically developed. 

Due to rapid changes in accessing the documents through online transactions and transferring the currency online, many previously used methods are proving insufficient and not secure to solve the problem which arises in the safe and hassle-free transaction. 

Nowadays, the world changes rapidly, and a transition flow is also seen in Business Process Management (BPM). The traditional Business Process Management holds good establishment last one to two decades, but, the internal workflow confined in a single organization. They do not manage the workflow process and information across organizations. If they do so, again fall in the same trap as the control transfers to the third party that is centralized server and it leads to tampering the data, and single point of failure. To address these issues, this book highlights a number of unique problems and effective solutions that reflects the state-of-the art in blockchain Technology. This book explores new experiments and yields promising solutions to the current challenges of blockchain technology.

 This book is intended for the researchers, academicians, faculties, scientists, blockchain specialists, business management and software industry professionals who will find it beneficial for their research work and set new ideas in the field of blockchain. This book caters research work in many fields of blockchain engineering, and it provides an in-depth knowledge of the fields covered.

Author(s): Sandeep Kumar Panda, Ajay Kumar Jena, Santosh Kumar Swain, Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Series: Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 203
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021

Language: English
Pages: 313
City: Singapore

Contents
1 Blockchain Technology: Introduction, Applications, Challenges
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Components of Blockchain
1.1.2 Hashing Methods
1.1.3 Transactions
1.1.4 Public Key Cryptography
1.1.5 Address and Wallet
1.1.6 Blocks
1.1.7 Consensus Mechanism
1.1.8 Smart Contracts
1.2 Evolution of Blockchain
1.3 Applications of Blockchain
1.4 Challenges of Blockchain
1.4.1 Scalability
1.4.2 Loss of Privacy
1.4.3 Selfish Mining
References
2 Bitcoin: A Digital Cryptocurrency
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bitcoin Block’s Structure
2.2.1 Bitcoin Transactions’ Structure
2.3 Bitcoin’s Anonymity & Privacy
2.4 Machine Learning Approaches to Price Prediction
2.5 Threats and Machine Learning Based Solution
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Blockchain 1.0 to Blockchain 4.0—The Evolutionary Transformation of Blockchain Technology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fundamentals of Blockchain
3.2.1 Historical Background
3.2.2 Basic Terminologies in Blockchain
3.2.3 Structure of a Block
3.2.4 Types of Blockchain
3.3 The Evolutionary Transformation of Blockchain 3.1
3.3.1 Blockchain 1.0
3.3.2 Blockchain 2.0
3.3.3 Blockchain 3.0
3.3.4 Blockchain 4.0
3.4 Comparison of Different Generations of Blockchain
3.5 A Blockchain Based Supply Chain Management Testcase
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Anatomy of Blockchain Implementation in Healthcare
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Characteristics of Blockchain
4.1.2 Flow of Bitcoin Transaction
4.1.3 Types of Encryption Algorithms
4.1.4 Types of Encryption Algorithms
4.1.5 Cryptocurrency
4.1.6 Initial Coin Offering (ICO)
4.1.7 Tokens in Blockchain
4.2 Blockchain in Healthcare
4.3 Blockchain Implementations in Healthcare
4.3.1 Blockchain in Medical Insurance
4.3.2 Blockchain-Based Healthcare Infrastructure
4.3.3 Blockchain in Dental Industry
4.3.4 Personal Health Record Management
4.3.5 Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
4.3.6 Healthcare Information System Based on Blockchain
4.3.7 Blockchain in Genomics
4.4 Issues in Blockchain with Potential Elucidations
4.4.1 Scalability
4.4.2 Energy Consumption
4.4.3 Complication and Expenditure
4.4.4 Lack of Supremacy
4.4.5 Lack of Compatibility and Standardization
4.4.6 Data Confidentiality
4.4.7 Storage Capacity
4.5 Issues in Healthcare that Could Be Solved Using Blockchain Technology
4.5.1 Blockchain-Based Insurance in Healthcare
4.5.2 Multimedia Blockchain System: An Immutable Connection
4.5.3 Blockchain-Based Electronic Health Records (EHR)
4.5.4 Blockchain Technology for Preventing Counterfeit Drugs from Entering in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
4.5.5 Blockchain Technology in Doctor-Patient Interaction
4.5.6 Blockchain for Sharing Genomic Data
4.5.7 Enhancing Clinical Trials and Research Using Blockchain Technology
4.5.8 Decentralized Artificial Intelligence in Securing Health Records and Detecting Anomalies
4.6 Conclusions and Future Scopes
References
5 A Blockchain Framework for Healthcare Data Management Using Consensus Based Selective Mirror Test Approach
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Blockchain Technology
5.2 Related Works
5.2.1 Traditional Healthcare Data Management
5.2.2 Blockchain-Based Healthcare Data Management
5.3 Proposed Methodology
5.3.1 Consensus Mechanism
5.3.2 Transaction Level Modeling
5.3.3 Health Data Interoperability
5.3.4 Fault Tolerance
5.4 Results and Discussions
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of Blockchain Technology
6.2.1 Key Characteristic Features
6.2.2 Type of Blockchain
6.2.3 Consensus Mechanism
6.2.4 Smart Contract
6.2.5 Challenge and Future
6.3 The Blockchain Prospective in Health Sector
6.3.1 Management of Data in Healthcare Sector
6.3.2 Management in Pharmacy Sector
6.4 Proposed Methodology
6.4.1 Searching Strategy
6.4.2 Selection Strategy
6.4.3 Selection Strategy
6.4.4 Data Analysis Mechanism
6.4.5 Strategy Incorporates for Assessment of Quality
6.5 Findings
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Blockchain in Healthcare System: Security Issues, Attacks and Challenges
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Architecture of Blockchain and Existing Systems
7.3 Securities in Healthcare: Requirements
7.3.1 Data Security
7.3.2 Interoperability
7.3.3 Data Sharing
7.3.4 Mobility
7.4 Applications
7.4.1 Patient Data Management
7.4.2 Clinical Adjudication
7.4.3 Medicine Supply Chain Management
7.5 An Example Application: Medshare
7.6 Possible Attacks in Blockchain
7.7 Issues and Challenges to Design Secure Protocol
7.8 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
8 Application of Blockchain as a Solution to the Real-World Issues in Health Care System
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Features of Blockchain
8.3 Literature Survey
8.4 Working of Blockchain
8.5 Application of BlockChain
8.5.1 Blockchain in Health Care System Use Case
8.5.2 Key Benefits of Blockchain in Health Care
8.5.3 Challenges of Blockchain in Healthcare
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 UML Conceptual Analysis of Smart Contract for Health Claim Processing
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Elements of Block Chain
9.3 Transaction in Block Chain
9.4 Ethereum Block Chain
9.5 Motivation
9.6 Survey of Smart Contract in Health Claim Processing
9.7 Analysis of UML Modelling for Block Chain Technique
9.8 Algorithm
9.9 Smart Contract Terminologies
9.10 Gas Terminology in Smart Contract
9.11 Conclusion
References
10 Enabling Smart Education System Using Blockchain Technology
10.1 Background
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Blockchain Application in Educational Sector
10.3.1 Secure Storage of Certificates
10.3.2 Multi-step Verification
10.3.3 Student’s Credit Transfer
10.3.4 Intellectual Property Tracking
10.3.5 Fee Payment
10.4 Certification Process
10.4.1 Traditional Certification Process
10.4.2 Digital Signatures
10.5 Blockchain-Based Digital Certificates
10.6 Benefits and Challenges in Approving Blockchain in Education
10.7 Conclusion
References
11 Blockchain Technology in Smart-Cities
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Groundwork of Blockchain and Its Architecture
11.2.1 Block Structure
11.2.2 Blockchain Types
11.2.3 Consensus Algorithm
11.2.4 Architecture of Blockchain
11.3 Smart City: Features, Stone Walls and Regulatory Standards
11.3.1 Features of Smart Cities
11.3.2 Pillars of Smart Cities
11.4 Smart Cities Security Requirements
11.4.1 Communication Security
11.4.2 Secure Management of Data
11.4.3 Authentication and Access Control
11.4.4 Application Security
11.5 Blockchain in Smart Cities
11.5.1 Healthcare Using Smart Devices
11.5.2 Smart Transportation
11.5.3 Vehicular Adhoc NETworks (VANETs)
11.5.4 Smart Grid
11.5.5 Supply Chain Management (SCM)
11.5.6 Financial Systems
11.6 Open Research Issues
11.6.1 Confidentiality and Integrity
11.6.2 Secure Storage
11.6.3 Energy Efficiency
11.6.4 Interoperability
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Blockchain Technology and Fashion Industry-Opportunities and Challenges
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Issues in Fashion Industry
12.2.1 Supply Chain Issues
12.2.2 Intellectual Property Right Issues
12.2.3 Sustainability Issue
12.3 Related Work
12.4 Blockchain for Fashion Industry
12.4.1 Inventory Management
12.4.2 Distributed Management
12.4.3 Supply Chain Management
12.4.4 Security
12.4.5 Copyright and IPR Infringements
12.4.6 Tracking of Raw Materials and Finished Products
12.5 Blockchain for Fashion Industry-Issues and Challenges
12.5.1 Absence of Regulating Authority
12.5.2 Technology Immaturity
12.5.3 High Cost
12.5.4 Loss in Supply Chain
12.5.5 High Complexity of Blocks
12.5.6 Lack of Standardization
12.5.7 Need for Two-Level Security
12.5.8 Information Transparency
12.5.9 Intellectual Property Protection
12.5.10 Blockchain Incorporation Challenge
12.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
13 Secure Event Ticket Booking Using Decentralized System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Literature Survey
13.3 Preliminaries
13.4 System Overview
13.4.1 Activity Diagram
13.4.2 Use Case Diagram
13.5 Smart Contracts
13.5.1 Algorithms
13.6 Security Analysis
13.7 Conclusions and Future Works
References
14 Cloud Identity and Access Management Solution with Blockchain
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Identity and Access Management (IAM)
14.2.1 Access Control System
14.2.2 Authentication Process
14.3 IAM Related Concerns
14.3.1 Overview of Identity Management
14.3.2 Threats for Identity and Access Management in Cloud Environment
14.3.3 IAM Concerns and Related Developments
14.4 Blockchain Technology
14.4.1 Blockchain Architecture and Functioning
14.4.2 Technical Function of Blockchain and Evolution
14.4.3 Workflow of Blockchain
14.4.4 Comparison of Blockchain
14.4.5 Security Techniques in Blockchain
14.5 Open Research Issues
14.5.1 Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
14.5.2 Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
14.5.3 Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC)
14.5.4 Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
14.5.5 Identity Access Management (IAM)
14.5.6 Additional Issues
14.6 Conclusion
References
15 Blockchain: A New Safeguard to Cybersecurity
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology
15.3 Ethereum
15.3.1 Smart Contracts
15.3.2 Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
15.3.3 Gas
15.3.4 DApps (Decentralized Applications)
15.4 Private Versus Public Blockchain
15.4.1 Public Blockchain
15.4.2 Private Blockchain
15.5 Cyber Threats and Blockchain Transformation
15.5.1 New Threat Landscape
15.5.2 Defender’s Interpretation
15.5.3 By What Means Can Blockchain Help?
15.6 Future Work
15.6.1 Future Impacts of Blockchain
15.7 Conclusions and Future Scopes
References
16 Gun Tracking System Using Blockchain Technology
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Prerequisites
16.3 System Overview
16.4 Working Procedure
16.4.1 Algorithm Design
16.4.2 Implementation
16.5 Security Analysis
16.6 Conclusions
References