Blast is an important foliar disease that infects the majority of cereal crops like rice, finger millet, pearl millet, foxtail millet and wheat, and thus resulting in a huge economic impact. The pathogen is responsible for causing epidemics in many crops and commonly shifts to new hosts. Magnaporthe spp. is the most prominent cause of blast disease on a broad host range of grasses including rice as well as other species of poaceae family. To date, 137 members of Poaceae hosting this fungus have been described in Fungal Databases. This book provides information on all blast diseases of different cereal crops. The pathogen evolves quickly due to its high variability, and thus can quickly adapt to new cultivars and cause an epidemic in a given crop. Some of the topics covered here include historical perspectives, pathogen evolution, host range shift, cross-infectivity, and pathogen isolation, use of chemicals fungicides, genetics and genomics, and management of blast disease in different cereal crops with adoption of suitable methodologies.In the past two decades there have been significant developments in genomics and proteomics approaches and there has been substantial and rapid progress in the cloning and mapping of R genes for blast resistance, as well as in comparative genomics analysis for resolving delineation of Magnaporthe species that infect both cereals and grass species. Blast disease resistance follows a typical gene-for-gene hypothesis. Identification of new Avr genes and effector molecules from Magnaporthe spp. can be useful to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the fast evolution of different strains of this fungal genus. Advances in these areas may help to reduce the occurrence of blast disease by the identification of potential R genes for effective deployment. Additionally, this book highlights the importance of blast disease that infects different cereal hosts in the context of climate change, and genomics approaches that may potentially help in understanding and applying new concepts and technologies that can make real impact in sustainable management of blast disease in different cereal crops.
Author(s): S. Chandra Nayaka, Rajashekara Hosahatti, Ganesan Prakash, C. Tara Satyavathi, Rajan Sharma
Series: Fungal Biology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 226
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Blast Disease: Historical Importance, Distribution, and Host Infectivity Across Cereal Crops
1.1 Rice Blast Symptoms
1.1.1 Leaf Blast
1.1.2 Panicle Blast
1.1.3 Node Blast
1.2 Finger Millet Blast Symptoms
1.3 Pearl Millet Blast Symptoms
1.4 Foxtail Millet Blast Symptoms
1.5 Wheat Blast Symptoms
1.6 Historical Perspective
1.7 Disease Emergence and Spread of Wheat Blast
1.8 Distribution Pattern of Blast Disease
1.9 Establishment and Multiplication of Pathogen Isolates
1.10 Host Range and Cross-Infectivity Among Major Cereal Crops
1.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 2: Utilizing Host-Plant Resistance to Circumvent Blast Disease in Rice
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathogen
2.3 Host Range
2.4 Symptoms and Damage
2.5 Blast Prevention and Management
2.6 Genes Governing Blast Resistance
2.7 Development of Differential Varieties
2.8 Molecular Mechanism Underlying Blast Resistance via R-Genes
2.9 Marker-Assisted Backcross Breeding (MABB)
2.9.1 MABB for Developing Blast Resistance in India
2.9.2 Blast-Resistant Varieties Developed Through MABB in India
2.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 3: Current Scenario and Integrated Approaches for Management of Finger Millet Blast (Magnaporthe grisea)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Distribution and Its Occurrence
3.3 Pathogen Variability
3.4 Symptoms
3.5 Etiology
3.6 Mode of Spread and Survival of the Pathogen
3.7 Yield Loses
3.8 Disease Forecasting and Epidemiology
3.9 Mechanism of Resistance
3.10 Integrated Disease Management
3.10.1 Cultural Methods
3.10.2 Host Plant Resistance (HPR)
3.10.3 Biological Control
3.10.4 Fungicidal Control
3.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 4: Finger Millet Blast Disease: Potential Threat to Global Nutrition Security
4.1 Origin, Distribution and Diversity
4.2 Taxonomy and Biology of Pathogen
4.2.1 Taxonomic Position
4.2.2 Sexual Reproduction
4.2.3 Asexual Reproduction
4.3 Disease Symptoms and Losses
4.4 Disease Epidemiology
4.5 Genetics of Disease Resistance
4.6 Disease Management
4.6.1 Management Through Cultural Approaches
4.6.2 Management Through Bioagents
4.6.3 Management Through Fungicides
4.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 5: Chemicals for the Management of Paddy Blast Disease
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fungicidal Chemicals Directly Affecting the Pathogen Physiology
5.2.1 Fungicides of Microbial Origin
5.2.2 Anti-blast Chemicals Inhibiting Sulfhydryl Component of Cellular Enzyme
5.2.3 Anti-blast Chemicals Inhibiting Benzimidazole Cell Division
5.2.4 Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors (SBIs)
5.2.5 Anti-blast Chemicals Inhibiting the Membrane Phospholipid Biosynthesis
5.2.6 Fungicides Targeting Fungal Membrane Permeability
5.2.7 Fungicides Suppress Fungal Respiration
5.2.8 Anti-blast Chemicals with Combined Mode of Action
5.3 Non-fungicidal Chemicals to Control Rice Blast Disease
5.3.1 Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors (MBIs)
5.3.1.1 Reductase Inhibitors
5.3.1.2 Dehydratase Inhibitors
5.3.1.3 Polyketide Synthase Inhibitors
5.3.2 Inducers of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
References
Chapter 6: Wheat Blast Management: Prospects and Retrospect
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Discovery and Spread of Wheat Blast Disease
6.3 Genomics of Wheat Blast Pathogen
6.4 Management Strategies
6.5 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 7: Recent Insights in Rice Blast Disease Resistance
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Genetics and Mapping of Resistance Genes Against Leaf Blast Disease
7.3 Structure and Functions of R-Genes
7.3.1 Classes of R-Genes
7.4 Structure and Functions of R-Genes Conferring Rice Blast Disease
7.4.1 R Proteins Belonging to NBS-LRR
7.4.2 R Proteins Belonging to CC-NBS-LRR
7.4.3 R Proteins Coding Other Proteins
7.5 Characterization of Resistance Genes in Durable Blast-Resistant Rice
7.6 Defense-Regulator Genes as Novel Protagonists for Broad-Spectrum Blast Resistance
7.7 Defense Signals Mediated by R and Defense-Regulated Genes Interweave into a Network Against M. oryzae Infection
7.8 Conclusions and Prospect of Blast Resistance Breeding
References
Chapter 8: Blast Disease of Rice: Evolution and Adaptation in Context of Changing Climate
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Evolution of Pyricularia
8.3 Adaptation
8.4 Changing Climate
8.5 Symptoms, Pathogenesis and Management
8.5.1 Symptoms of Rice Blast
8.5.2 Pathogenesis
8.5.3 Management
References
Chapter 9: The Blast: A Major Malady in Nutricereals in Southeast Asia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pathogen
9.3 Symptoms
9.4 Infection
9.5 Management
9.5.1 Finger Millet Blast
9.5.2 Foxtail Millet Blast
References
Chapter 10: Microconidia: Understanding Its Role in the Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Inciting Rice Blast Disease
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pathogen Biology
10.2.1 Sexual Reproduction
10.2.2 Asexual Reproduction
10.2.2.1 Macroconidia
10.2.2.2 Microconidia
10.3 Cellular Structures of Microconidia
10.4 Biological Role of Microconidia
10.5 Germination and Infection Process of Microconidia for Disease Establishment
10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11: Understanding Pearl Millet Blast Caused by Magnaporthe grisea and Strategies for Its Management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Distribution
11.3 Current Status of Disease in India
11.4 The Pathogen
11.5 Host Range
11.6 Symptoms
11.7 Epidemiology
11.8 Pathogen Characterization
11.8.1 Cultural and Morphological Characterization
11.8.2 Molecular Characterization
11.8.3 Pathogenic Variability
11.9 Mating Types
11.10 Genome Organization
11.11 Mechanism of Pathogenicity
11.12 Management of Pearl Millet Blast
11.12.1 Cultural Practices
11.12.2 Host Plant Resistance
11.12.3 Chemical Control
11.12.4 Biological Control
11.12.5 Use of Botanicals
References
Chapter 12: Advances in Genetics and Genomics for Management of Blast Disease in Cereal Crops
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Genetics of Blast Disease Resistance
12.3 Resistance Genes for Blast Resistance in Crops
12.4 Genomic Resources Developed for Enhancing Blast Disease Resistance in Crop Plants
12.5 Genomic Resources in Magnaporthe
References
Chapter 13: Pearl Millet Blast Resistance: Current Status and Recent Advancements in Genomic Selection and Genome Editing Approaches
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Plant Impedance and Genome Editing Tools
13.3 Meganucleases or Homing Endonucleases (HEs)
13.4 Zinc-Finger Endonucleases (Nucleases), ZFNs
13.5 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENS)
13.6 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and Associated Systems
13.7 Development of Blast Resistance by Genome Editing
13.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 14: Current Status and Management of Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] Blast Disease
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Distribution
14.3 Symptoms
14.4 The Causal Organism and Host Range
14.5 Survival and Spread
14.6 Disease Cycle and Epidemiology
14.6.1 Epidemiological Requirements
14.7 Integrated Disease Management Approaches
14.7.1 Host Plant Resistance
14.7.2 Cultural Methods
14.7.3 Chemical Methods
14.7.4 Biological Control
References
Correction to: Blast Disease of Cereal Crops: Evolution and Adaptation in Context of Climate Change
Index
