Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars: The Physics of Compact Objects

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars: The Physics of Compact Objects......Page 6
ISBN 0471873160......Page 7
Preface......Page 10
Suggestions for Using the Book......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
1.1 What are Compact Objects?......Page 22
1.2 The Formation of Compact Objects......Page 24
1.3 The Statistics of Stellar Births and Deaths......Page 27
2.1 Thermodynamic Preliminaries......Page 38
2.2 Results from Kinetic Theory......Page 43
2.3 Equation of State of a Completely Degenerate, Ideal Fermi Gas......Page 44
2.4 Electrostatic Corrections to the Equation of State......Page 50
2.5 Inverse β-decay: the Ideal, Cold n-p-e Gas......Page 60
2.6 Beta-Equilibrium Between Relativistic Electrons and Nuclei: The Harrison-Wheeler Equation of State......Page 63
2.7 The Baym-Pethick-Sutherland Equation of State......Page 70
3.1 History of the Theory of White Dwarfs......Page 76
3.2 The Onset of Degeneracy......Page 78
3.3 Polytropes......Page 82
3.4 The Chandrasekhar Limit......Page 85
3.5 Improvements to the Chandrasekhar White Dwarf Models......Page 87
3.6 Comparison with Observations: Masses and Radii......Page 90
3.7 Pycnonuclear Reactions......Page 93
4.1 Structure of the Surface Layers......Page 103
4.2 Elementary Treatment of White Dwarf Cooling......Page 106
4.3 Crystallization and the Melting Temperature......Page 108
4.4 Heat Capacity of the Coulomb Lattice......Page 112
4.5 Refined Treatment of White Dwarf Cooling......Page 121
4.6 Comparison with Observations......Page 123
5.2 What is General Relativity?......Page 127
5.2 The Motion of Test Particles......Page 134
5.4 The Weak-Field Limit......Page 140
5.6 Spherically Symmetric Gravitational Fields......Page 143
5.7 Spherical Stars......Page 145
6.1 Basic Fluid Equations......Page 148
6.2 Lagrangian and Eulerian Perturbations......Page 151
6.3 Perturbations of Integral Quantities......Page 152
6.4 Equilibrium from an Extremum of the Energy......Page 155
6.5 Perturbations about Equilibrium......Page 158
6.6 Lagrangian for the Perturbations......Page 162
6.7 Stability Criteria......Page 164
6.8 Turning-Points and the Onset of Instability......Page 168
6.9 General Relativistic Stability Analysis......Page 172
6.10 White Dwarf Stability in General Relativity......Page 177
7.1 The Equations of Magnetohydrodynamics......Page 183
7.2 Magnetic White Dwarfs......Page 187
7.3 Rotating Configurations: The Maclaurin Spheroids......Page 190
7.4 Rotating White Dwarfs......Page 197
7.5 Stability Criteria for Rotating Stars......Page 206
8.1 Introduction......Page 209
8.2 The Baym-Bethe-Pethick Equation of State......Page 210
8.3 The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction......Page 218
8.4 Saturation of Nuclear Forces......Page 222
8.5 Dependence of the NN Potential on the Nucleon Separation......Page 228
8.6 The Yukawa Potential......Page 229
8.7 Hartree Analysis......Page 232
8.8 Hartree-Fock Analysis......Page 234
8.9 Correlation Effects......Page 239
8.10 The Bethe-Johnson Equation of State......Page 241
8.11 Unresolved Issues: The Δ Resonance......Page 246
8.12 Unresolved Issues: Pion Condensation......Page 247
8.13 Unresolved Issues: Ultrahigh Densities......Page 256
8.14 Unresolved Issues: Quark Matter......Page 259
9.1 Neutron Stars: History of the Idea and Discovery......Page 262
9.2 Ideal Gas Equation of State in the Nuclear Domain......Page 264
9.3 Realistic Theoretical Models......Page 270
9.4 Observations of Neutron Star Masses......Page 274
9.5 The Maximum Mass......Page 278
9.6 The Effects of Rotation......Page 285
10.1 History and Discovery......Page 288
10.2 Are Pulsars Really Rotating Neutron Stars?......Page 289
10.3 Observed Properties of Pulsars......Page 290
10.4 The Dispersion Measure......Page 296
10.5 The Magnetic Dipole Model for Pulsars......Page 298
10.6 Braking Index......Page 304
10.7 Nonvacuum Pulsar Models: The Aligned Rotator......Page 305
10.8 Pulsar Emission Mechanisms......Page 310
10.9 Superfluidity in Neutron Stars......Page 311
10.10 Pulsar Glitches and Hadron Superfluidity......Page 315
10.11 The Origin of Pulsar Glitches: Starquakes......Page 321
11.1 Introduction......Page 327
11.2 Neutrino Reactions in Neutron Stars (T ≤ 10(9) K)......Page 328
11.3 Weak Interaction Theory......Page 331
11.4 Free Neutron Decay......Page 333
11.5 The Modified URCA Rate......Page 337
11.6 Other Reaction Rates......Page 342
11.7 Neutrino Transparency......Page 347
11.8 Cooling Curves......Page 349
11.9 Comparison with Observations......Page 352
12.1 Introduction......Page 356
12.2 History of the Black Hole Idea......Page 357
12.3 Schwarzschild Black Holes......Page 359
12.4 Test Particle Motion......Page 360
12.5 Massless Particle Orbits in the Schwarzschild Geometry......Page 371
12.6 Nonsingularity of the Schwarzschild Radius......Page 374
12.7 Kerr Black Holes......Page 378
12.8 The Area Theorem and Black Hole Evaporation......Page 385
13.1 Discovery and Identification......Page 391
13.2 General Characteristics of the Galactic X-Ray Sources......Page 394
13.3 Binary X-Ray Pulsars......Page 396
13.4 Hercules X-1: A Prototype Binary X-Ray Pulsar......Page 401
13.5 Cygnus X-1 : A Black Hole Candidate......Page 403
13.6 Galactic Bulge Sources: Bursters......Page 410
13.7 The Standard Model: Accretion in a Close Binary System......Page 415
14.1 Introduction......Page 424
14.2 Collisionless Spherical Accretion......Page 426
14.3 Hydrodynamic Spherical Accretion......Page 433
14.4 Radiation from Spherical Accretion onto Black Holes......Page 443
14.5 Disk Accretion onto a Compact Star......Page 449
14.6 Other Disk Models......Page 468
15.1 Accretion onto Neutron Stars: The Magnetosphere......Page 471
15.2 Disk Accretion and Period Changes in Pulsating X-Ray Sources......Page 474
15.3 Emission from Accreting Neutron Stars......Page 481
15.4 White Dwarf Accretion......Page 485
16.1 What is a Gravitational Wave?......Page 487
16.2 The Generation of Gravitational Waves......Page 490
16.3 Order-of-Magnitude Estimates......Page 494
16.4 Gravitational Radiation from Binary Systems......Page 497
16.5 The Binary Pulsar PSR 1913 + 16......Page 500
16.6 Radiation from Spinning Masses: Pulsar Slowdown......Page 507
16.7 Gravitational Waves from Collisions......Page 512
16.8 Gravitational Waves from Nonspherical Collapse......Page 517
17.1 Introduction......Page 520
17.2 Basic Properties of Supermassive Stars......Page 523
17.3 Effect of the Plasma......Page 525
17.4 Stability of Supermassive Stars......Page 528
17.5 Evolution of a Supermassive Star......Page 529
18.1 Introduction and Warning......Page 533
18.2 The Onset of Collapse......Page 535
18.3 Photodissociation......Page 537
18.4 Neutronization and Neutrino Emission......Page 541
18.5 Neutrino Opacity and Neutrino Trapping......Page 546
I 8.6 Entropy and the Equation of State During Hot Collapse......Page 552
18.7 Homologous Core Collapse, Bounce, and Then What?......Page 560
Appendix A Astronomical Background......Page 564
Appendix B Proof That V(2) < 0 Implies Instability......Page 570
Appendix C Calculation of the Integral in Eq. (8.4.6)......Page 572
Appendix D Scalar and Vector Field Theories......Page 574
Appendix E Quarks......Page 580
Appendix F The Phase-Space Factor, Eq. (11.5.16)......Page 583
Appendix G Spherical Accretion Onto a Black Hole: the Relativistic Equations......Page 589
Appendix H Hydrodynamics of Viscous Fluid Flow......Page 597
Appendix I Radiative Transport......Page 600
References......Page 614
Author Index......Page 642
Subject Index......Page 650