The observational evidence for the existence of black holes has grown significantly over recent decades. Stellar-mass black holes are detected as X-ray sources in binary systems, while supermassive black holes, with masses more than a million times the mass of the Sun, lurk in the nuclei of galaxies. These proceedings provide a useful and up-to-date overview of the observations of black holes in binaries, in the center of the Milky Way, and in the nuclei of galaxies, presented by leading expert astronomers. Special attention is given to the formation (including the recent evidence from gamma-ray bursts), physical properties, and demographics of black holes.
Author(s): L. Kaper, E.P.J. van den Heuvel, P.A. Woudt
Edition: 1
Year: 2001
Language: English
Pages: 378
3540415815......Page 1
Black Holes in Binaries and Galactic Nuclei: Diagnostics, Demography and Formation: Proceedings of the ESO Workshop Held at Garching, Germany, 6-8 September ... Giacconi (ESO Astrophysics Symposia)......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
1 Introduction......Page 25
2 Uhuru......Page 26
3 Cyg X-1......Page 30
4 Supermassive Black Holes......Page 34
References......Page 37
1 Introduction......Page 38
2.1 Measuring Black Holes......Page 39
3 Are Black Holes Fussy Eaters?......Page 42
4 Jets......Page 43
5 Concluding Remarks......Page 44
References......Page 45
1 Introduction......Page 47
2 Soft X-Ray Transients......Page 48
3.1 Direct Measurements of BH Motion?......Page 51
3.2 Outburst Spectroscopy of GRO J1655-40......Page 52
4 The Superluminal Transients......Page 53
4.1 Effects of Irradiation......Page 54
5 SXTs and SU UMa Superoutbursts......Page 56
References......Page 57
1 The Minimum Mass Required to Form a Black Hole......Page 59
2 Dynamical Measurements......Page 60
3 Trying for Bias......Page 62
References......Page 64
On the Limiting Mass of Neutron Stars......Page 65
References......Page 71
2 Keck Observations of Black Hole X-Ray Binaries......Page 73
References......Page 76
2 IR Ellipsoidal Variations: Observations and Modeling......Page 77
3 Discussion......Page 78
2 Results......Page 79
References......Page 80
2 Results......Page 81
References......Page 82
1 Introduction......Page 83
2.1 CO Absorption Lines......Page 84
2.2 Recombination Lines......Page 86
3 New Results on the Stellar Dynamics......Page 88
4 Conclusions......Page 89
References......Page 90
1 Introduction......Page 92
3 From Velocities to Accelerations......Page 93
4 The Future......Page 94
References......Page 97
1 Introduction......Page 98
2 Stellar Dynamical Modeling......Page 100
3 Gas Kinematics......Page 102
4 Demographics......Page 103
5 Next Steps......Page 105
References......Page 106
2 Modelling......Page 108
References......Page 109
1 Properties of the Raw Data......Page 111
2 First Results......Page 114
1 Introduction......Page 115
3.2 Where is the Black Hole?......Page 116
3.3 Axisymmetric Models?......Page 117
References......Page 118
Molecular Gas in Nuclei of the Seyfert Galaxies NGC3227 and NGC1068......Page 119
References......Page 120
2 Background......Page 121
3 HST Observations......Page 122
4 VLT/ISAAC Observations......Page 124
5 Summary......Page 125
References......Page 126
1 The SINFONI Integral Field Spectrometer......Page 127
1.2 MACAO......Page 128
References......Page 130
1 Introduction......Page 131
2 Efficiency of Accretion onto a Rapidly Rotating Neutron Star......Page 134
3 Structure of the Boundary Layer......Page 136
4 Time Variability in the Accretion Disk and in the Boundary Layer......Page 141
References......Page 142
2 Neutron-Star Binaries......Page 143
4 Theoretical Models......Page 144
5 Comparing the Systems......Page 145
6 Theoretical Models II......Page 147
References......Page 148
1 The RXTE Monitoring Campaign......Page 149
References......Page 150
1 Stability of the Hard State Properties......Page 151
References......Page 152
2 Simultaneous IR and mm Observations......Page 153
References......Page 154
2 Results......Page 155
References......Page 156
2 Results......Page 157
References......Page 158
2 X-Ray Spectrum at High Luminosities......Page 159
3 X-Ray Spectrum at Lower Luminosities......Page 163
3.1 Reflection Component......Page 165
References......Page 166
1 The Thermal-Viscous Instability......Page 167
4 Recurrence Times......Page 169
References......Page 172
2 The Eddington Limit......Page 173
3 GRO J1655-40......Page 174
4 Conclusions......Page 175
References......Page 176
2 Results of Computations......Page 177
References......Page 178
1 Discovery of a Central Flare in NGC 4552......Page 179
2.2 FOS Spectroscopy......Page 180
2.3 Interpretation......Page 181
3 Also NGC 2681 and NGC 1399 Display Central Activity......Page 183
4 No Supermassive Black Hole Can Be Totally Silent......Page 184
References......Page 185
2 Observations......Page 186
References......Page 187
2 Outburst Scenario......Page 188
References......Page 189
2 Outburst Scenarios......Page 190
References......Page 191
2 Strict Periodicity or not?......Page 192
References......Page 193
1 Microlens Diagnosis of Quasar Accretion Disk......Page 194
References......Page 195
2 Light Curve......Page 196
References......Page 197
2 The INTEGRAL Mission......Page 198
3 The Call for Proposals......Page 201
References......Page 202
2 The Quasar-Microquasar Analogy......Page 203
3 Compact Jets in Stellar-Mass and Supermassive Black Holes......Page 206
4 Microblazars and Gamma-Ray Bursts......Page 208
References......Page 210
1 Introduction: 'Canonical' Black-Hole States......Page 211
2.2 Off and Low/Hard States......Page 212
2.3 The High/Soft State......Page 213
3 Discussion......Page 214
References......Page 216
2 The Physics of the Corona Above a Thin Disk......Page 218
References......Page 219
Orbital, Precessional and Flaring Variability in Cygnus X-l......Page 220
References......Page 221
2 The Hybrid Approach......Page 222
References......Page 223
1.1 Active Galactic Nuclei......Page 224
1.2 X-Ray Binaries......Page 225
2 What We Dream......Page 226
3 What We Hope to Learn......Page 228
References......Page 232
1 Results for Different Cases......Page 234
References......Page 235
1 Introduction......Page 236
3 Results......Page 237
References......Page 239
2 The Magnetized Blobby Disk......Page 240
References......Page 241
The Influence of Resonant Absorption on the Fe Emission Line Profiles of Accreting Black Holes......Page 242
References......Page 243
X-Ray Iron Line Variability for the Model of an Orbiting Flare Above a Black Hole Accretion Disc......Page 244
References......Page 245
1 Field Equations......Page 246
References......Page 247
Black Holes or Super massive Compact Objects Without Event Horizon?......Page 248
References......Page 249
References......Page 250
Radiation Spectra......Page 251
1 Turbulent Shock Model......Page 252
References......Page 253
2 Wolf-Rayet Single Stars......Page 254
3 Wolf-Rayet Binaries......Page 256
4 Four Wolf-Rayet + Black-Hole Candidates......Page 257
References......Page 258
1 Massive Central Black Holes in Globular Clusters......Page 261
2 M15 Photometry......Page 262
3 M15 Kinematics......Page 263
4 Ongoing Studies and Future Prospects......Page 264
5 Conclusions and Acknowledgements......Page 265
References......Page 266
1 Introduction......Page 267
2 Black-Hole Formation......Page 268
4 Production of Gravitational Radiation......Page 270
5 Discussion......Page 271
References......Page 272
2 Stellar Dynamical Models......Page 274
3 Results......Page 276
5 Conclusions......Page 277
References......Page 279
X-Ray Candidates for a Population
of Nuclear Cores in Local Group Galaxies......Page 280
References......Page 281
1 Results......Page 282
References......Page 283
2 The Monte Carl Code......Page 284
3 Code Testing......Page 285
References......Page 287
2 Luminosity Function......Page 288
References......Page 289
1 Individual Accreting Black Holes......Page 290
References......Page 291
1 Introduction: The Problem......Page 292
2.1 Conservative Mass Transfer and Be/X-Ray Binaries......Page 293
2.2 Non-Conservative Mass Transfer and Supergiant X-Ray Binaries......Page 295
2.4 Continued Evolution......Page 296
3 Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries......Page 297
4 Globular Cluster X-Ray Sources......Page 299
5 The Future......Page 300
References......Page 301
1 The Evolution of Massive Binaries......Page 302
2 Wray 977: the Most Massive HMXB Hosting an X-Ray Pulsar......Page 305
3 4U1700-37: a Non-Pulsating Neutron Star......Page 306
References......Page 307
1 Introduction......Page 308
2 A Progenitor Model for Wray 977/GX 301-2......Page 309
3 M_{BH}: From Binaries to Single Stars......Page 310
References......Page 311
1 Introduction......Page 312
3 Donor Masses in Black-Hole X-Ray Binaries......Page 313
4 Discussion......Page 316
References......Page 317
1 The Evolutionary State......Page 318
References......Page 319
1 Introduction......Page 320
3 Analysis......Page 321
4 Discussion......Page 323
References......Page 324
2 Runaway Velocities from Symmetric SNe......Page 325
References......Page 326
1 Why Do Only Few HMXBs Show a Bow Shock?......Page 327
References......Page 328
1 Introduction......Page 329
2 Gamma-Ray Bursts......Page 331
3.1 GRB980425 and Supernova 1998bw......Page 333
3.2 Two More GRBs with Evidence for Underlying Supernovae: GRB980326 and GRB970228......Page 336
4 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 338
References......Page 339
2 Winds and the Redshift of GRBs......Page 341
3 Constraints on Winds from Black Hole Binaries......Page 343
References......Page 344
Fallback in Super novae and Black Hole Formation......Page 345
References......Page 346
1 Introduction......Page 347
2 The Dyadosphere......Page 350
3 The PEM Pulse......Page 353
4 Conclusions......Page 354
References......Page 355
1 Introduction......Page 357
2 Hydrodynamics of Binary Coalescence......Page 358
3 Black-Hole Formation......Page 360
References......Page 362
1 Introduction......Page 364
2 AGN Demography and Black-Hole Formation......Page 365
3.1 Probing Near the Hole......Page 367
3.3 The Blandford-Znajek Process......Page 368
3.5 Precission and Alignment......Page 369
3.7 Gravitational-Wave Capture of Compact Stars......Page 370
3.8 Scaling Laws and 'Microquasars'......Page 371
4.1 Gravitational Waves from Newly-Forming Massive Holes?......Page 372
4.2 Gravitational Waves from Coalescing Supermassive Holes......Page 373
4.3 Gravitational-Wave Recoil......Page 374
References......Page 375
1 Introduction......Page 377
2.1 Black-Hole Mass Densities......Page 378
2.3 Clues for the Formation Mechanism of the Typical Supermassive Black Hole......Page 380
3.1 Merging Galaxies, Starbursts and AGN......Page 381
3.2 Remnant Black Holes in Nearby Galaxies......Page 382
3.3 Evolution of Optically Bright QSOs......Page 383
3.4 QSO Host Galaxies......Page 384
4 Conclusions......Page 385
References......Page 386
2 Model and Results......Page 388
References......Page 389
Author Index......Page 390
