Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Seeds: Chemistry, Technology, Functionality, and Applications

Preface
Description
Contents
Contributors
About the Editor
Chapter 1: Introduction to Black Cumin (Nigella sativa): Chemistry, Technology, Functionality and Applications
1 Nigella sativa: Chemistry, Technology, Functionality and Applications
2 Nigella sativa Market
3 Nigella sativa in the International Literature
References
Part I: Nigella sativa Seeds: Cultivation, Composition and Applications
Chapter 2: Effect of Cultivation, Fertilization and Irrigation Practices on Nigella sativa Yield and Quality
1 Introduction
2 Effects of Salinity and Drought Stress on Nigella sativa Yield and Quality
3 Effects of Fertilization on Nigella sativa Yield and Quality
4 Effects of Germination on Nigella sativa Yield and Quality
5 Effect of Irrigation Regime on Nigella sativa Yield and Quality
References
Chapter 3: Morphological Characters of Nigella sativa
1 Introduction
1.1 Scientific Classification of the Plant
2 Common Names
3 Agroecology
4 Morphological Features
4.1 Root
4.2 Stem
4.3 Leaves
4.4 Flower
4.5 Androecium
4.6 Gynoecium
4.7 Fruit
4.8 Seeds
References
Chapter 4: Micro and Macroscopic Characterization of Traded Nigella sativa Seeds Using Applied Systematics Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Micro and Macroscopic Characterization of N. sativa
3 High-Value Bioactive Compounds in N. sativa Seeds
4 Pharmacological Potentials of N. sativa
References
Chapter 5: Composition of Nigella sativa Seeds
1 Nigella sativa
2 Composition of Black Cumin Seeds
3 Dietary Minerals
4 Proteins
5 Vitamins
6 Lipids
7 Essential Oil
8 Alkaloids
9 Saponins
10 Phenolic Compounds
11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Nigella sativa Seed Peptides (Thionins)
1 Introduction
2 Thionins Sources
3 Thionins from Nigella sativa
3.1 Thionins Isolation from Nigella sativa
3.2 Thionins Mode of Action
References
Chapter 7: Black Cumin Polysaccharides
1 Black Cumin Seeds and Their Polysaccharides
2 Extraction of Polysaccharides
3 Physicochemical Characteristics
4 Structural Properties
5 Functional Properties
6 Antioxidant Activities
References
Chapter 8: Thymoquinone: Chemistry and Functionality
1 Origin of Thymoquinone and Factors Affecting Its Content
2 Chromatographic Analyses for Detection and Quantification of TQ
3 Biological Activities of TQ with Emphasis of Its Anticancer Properties
4 Toxicological Aspects of TQ
5 Strategies to Overcome the Toxicity and Other Physical Properties-Related Issues of TQ
6 Synthesis of TQ and Its Analogs
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Novel Prospective of N. sativa Essential Oil Analysis, Culinary and Medicinal Uses
1 Introduction
2 Volatiles of Nigella Seeds
3 Analytical Techniques Reported Towards Nigella Volatiles Characterization
3.1 Extraction Methods
3.1.1 Traditional Volatile Oil Extraction Methods
3.1.2 Advanced Volatiles Extraction Methods
3.1.2.1 Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME)
3.1.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
3.1.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
3.1.2.4 Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE)
3.2 Chromatographic and Identification Techniques of Nigella Volatiles
3.2.1 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
3.2.2 High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
3.2.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
3.2.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)
3.2.5 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry (GC-MS-O)
3.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
4 Nano-Formulation of N. sativa Volatile Oil
5 Nigella Volatiles in Food Flavor and Culinary Uses
6 Beneficial Effect of N. sativa Essential Oil
6.1 Anti-inflammatory Effect
6.2 Anti-diabetic Effect
6.3 Cardio-protective Effects
6.4 Anti-cancer Activity
6.5 Anti-oxidant Activity
6.6 Treatment of Dry Eyes
7 Nigella Volatiles and Cosmetics
7.1 Hair Loss
7.2 Skin Infections
7.3 Acne Vulgaris
7.4 Skin Pigmentation
7.5 Sun Protection
7.6 Wound Healing
7.7 Tooth Caring
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Rediscovering Nigella Seeds Bioactives Chemical Composition Using Metabolomics Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Quality Control (QC) Approaches in Nigella
3 Plant Metabolomics
4 Mass Spectrometry Based Application for Nigella Analysis
4.1 LC-MS
4.2 UPLC-MS
4.3 GC-MS
5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Based Application for Nigella Analysis
5.1 1D-NMR Based Metabolites Fingerprinting
5.2 2D-NMR Based Metabolites Fingerprinting
6 IR Spectroscopy
7 Multivariate Data Analyses Application in Nigella QC Analysis
8 Conclusion and Future Developments
References
Chapter 11: Health Promoting Activities of Nigella sativa Seeds
1 Introduction
2 Health-Promoting Activities of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.1 Antioxidant Activity of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.2 Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.3 Anti-cancer Activity of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.5 Antidiabetic Activity of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.6 Cardioprotective and Antihypertension Effects of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.7 Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.8 Gastro-protective Effects of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.9 Neuro-protective Effects of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.9.1 Fertility Effects of Nigella sativa Seeds
3 Potential Toxicity of Nigella sativa Seeds
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Nigella sativa Seed Extract in Green Synthesis and Nanocomposite
1 Green Synthesis Method of Silver Nanoparticles from Nigella sativa Leaf Extract
1.1 Green Synthesis of AgNPs
2 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles Using Nigella sativa Seed Extract
3 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Using Nigella sativa Seed Extract
4 Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Nigella sativa Essential Oil (NsEO-AuNPs)
5 Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) Using Nigella sativa
6 Poly (ε-caprolactone) Based Nanoparticles Loaded with Nigella sativa Essential Oil
6.1 Nanoparticles Preparation
7 Synthesis of Nanocomposite-MnO2/BC from Nigella sativa Seed
7.1 Preparation of MnO2/BC
8 Synthesis of Biodiesel from Nigella sativa Seed Oil
8.1 Biodiesel Synthesis from Nigella sativa Seed Oil
9 Corrosion Inhibition of Iron by a Green Formulation Derived from Nigella sativa
References
Chapter 13: Food Applications of Nigella sativa Seeds
1 Introduction
1.1 Botanical Description
1.2 History and Production of Black Cumin
2 Chemical Composition of Nigella sativa Seeds
2.1 Phytochemical Profile
3 Extraction and Processing of Nigella sativa Seed Oils
3.1 Solvent Extraction
3.2 Dimethyl Ether Extraction
3.3 Cold Press Extraction
3.4 Steam Distillation Extraction
3.5 Microwave-assisted Extraction
3.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
4 Traditional Therapeutic Uses of Nigella sativa Seeds
5 Pharmacological Activities of Nigella sativa Seeds
6 Food Processing Applications of Nigella sativa Seeds
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Nutraceutical Importance and Applications of Nigella sativa Seed Flour
1 Black Cumin Seeds
2 Compositional Analysis of Nigella sativa Seeds and Flour
3 Applications of Black Cumin Seed Flour
4 Applications of Black Cumin Seeds and Seed Flour
References
Chapter 15: Nigella sativa Seed Cake: Nutraceutical Significance and Applications in the Food and Cosmetic Industry
1 Black Cumin Seed Cake
2 Characterization of Nigella sativa Cake
3 Applications of Black Cumin Seed Cake
References
Chapter 16: Nigella sativa Seeds in Cosmetic Products: Shedding the Light on the Cosmeceutical Potential of Nigella sativa and its Utilization as a Natural Beauty Care Ingredient
1 Introduction to Cosmetics and Cosmeceutical Preparations
2 Popularity of Various Medicinal Plants as Herbal Cosmetics
3 Overview on Nigella sativa (Black Cumin) Seed
4 Cosmeceutical Potential of Nigella sativa and Its Utilization as a Natural Beauty Care Ingredient
References
Chapter 17: Nigella sativa Supplementation in Ruminant Diets: Production, Health, and Environmental Perspectives
1 Introduction and Objectives
2 Effects of Nigella sativa on Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestibility
3 Effects of Nigella sativa on Milk Production and Composition
4 Effects of Nigella sativa on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality
5 Effects of Nigella sativa on Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Production
6 Effects of Nigella sativa on Ruminant Health and Blood Metabolites
7 Conclusion and Health Perspectives
8 Recommendations
References
Chapter 18: Nigella sativa Seeds and Its Derivatives in Poultry Feed
1 Introduction
2 The Need for Phytogenic Additives in Poultry Feed
3 Effects of Nigella sativa and Its Derivatives on
3.1 Productive Performance
3.1.1 Live Body Weight and Body Weight Gain
3.1.2 Feed Utilization
3.1.3 Nutrient Utilization
3.2 Carcass Traits and Meat Quality
3.3 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Meat
3.4 Reproductive Performance
3.5 Egg Production and Quality
3.6 Blood Biochemistry
3.7 Intestinal Morphology
3.8 Intestinal Bacterial Enumeration
3.9 Antioxidative Status
3.10 Immune Response
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Nigella sativa Seeds and Its Derivatives in Fish Feed
1 Introduction
2 Nigella sativa and Bioactive Constituents
3 Beneficial Properties of Nigella sativa and Its Derivatives for Fish
3.1 Growth Promoting Activities
3.2 Meat Quality Characteristics
3.3 Blood Picture
3.4 Blood Biochemical Characters
3.5 Improvement of the Fish Immune Response
3.6 Ameliorating Agent for Aquatic Toxicants
3.7 Protection Against Fish Pathogens
4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Part II: Nigella sativa Fixed Oil: Chemistry, Technology, Functionality and Applications
Chapter 20: Composition and Functionality of Nigella sativa Fixed Oil
1 Composition of Nigella sativa Fixed Oil
1.1 Oil Content
1.2 Physicochemical Properties
1.3 Neutral Lipids (NL)
1.4 Polar Lipids
1.5 Fatty Acid Composition
1.6 Other Constituents
1.6.1 Tocochromanols
1.6.2 Sterols
1.6.3 Phenolics, Chlorophylls and Carotenoids
1.6.4 Volatiles
2 Oil Functionality
2.1 Antioxidant Activity
2.2 Oxidative Stability
2.3 Antimicrobial Activity
References
Chapter 21: Effect of Processing on the Composition and Quality of Nigella sativa Fixed Oil
1 Introduction
2 Oil Extraction
3 Blending of Oil
4 Pre-treatment of Black Cumin Seeds
4.1 Thermal Pre-treatment
4.2 Ultrasound Treatment
5 Effects of Extraction Method on the Oil Components
6 Effects of Processing on Physicochemical Properties of Oil
7 Effect of Storage on the Oil Quality Properties
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Food Applications of Nigella sativa Fixed Oil
1 Introduction
2 Application of N. sativa Fixed Oil in Blended Vegetable Oils
3 Application of N. sativa Fixed Oil in Cheese
4 Application of N. sativa Fixed Oil in Cookies
5 Application of N. sativa Fixed Oil in Meat and Marine Products
6 Application of N. sativa Fixed Oil in Mayonnaise
References
Chapter 23: Health-Promoting Activities of Nigella sativa Fixed Oil
1 Nigella sativa
2 Nigella sativa Oil
3 Extraction of NSO
3.1 Cold Pressing NSO Extraction
3.2 Supercritical Fluid NSO Extraction
3.3 Solvents NSO Extraction
4 Active Ingredients of NSO
5 Anticancer Role of Nigella sativa
5.1 NS Anticancer Activity and Antioxidant Effect
5.2 NS Anticancer Activity and Cell Signaling Effect
6 Anti-inflammatory Role
7 Anti-diabetic Effect
8 Neuroprotective Function
9 Antibacterial Action
References
Chapter 24: Micro- and Nano-encapsulation of Nigella sativa Oil
1 Micro- and Nanoencapsulation Techniques
2 Nigella sativa Crude Oil
3 Encapsulation of N. sativa Crude Oil
4 Encapsulation of N. sativa Volatile Oil
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Biodiesel Production Potential of Nigella sativa Oil
1 Biodiesel Significance and Chemical Formula
2 Major Biodiesel Producing Countries
3 Advantages of Nigella sativa Biodiesel
4 Challenges
5 Ethical Concerns
6 Biodiesel Production Process
6.1 Heating/Pyrolysis
6.2 Micro-emulsification
6.3 Dilution
6.4 Transesterification
6.4.1 Catalytic Transesterification
6.4.1.1 Acid Catalyzed Transesterification
6.4.1.2 Alkaline Catalyzed Transesterification
6.4.1.3 Lipase Catalyzed Transesterification
6.4.2 Super Critical Transesterification
6.5 Biodiesel Preparations by Catalytic Transesterification Method
7 Small Scale Extraction and Processing of Nigella sativa Oil as Biodiesel
7.1 Extraction of the Total Lipids (TL)
7.2 Derivatization/Methylation Before GLC
7.3 Quantification of FAME
8 Potential Nigella sativa Genetic Resources
9 Research Needs and Future Prospects
References
Part III: Nigella sativa Essential Oil: Chemistry, Technology, Functionality and Applications
Chapter 26: Composition and Functionality of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
1 Introduction
2 Production of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
3 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Components of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
4 Functional Properties of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
4.1 Antibacterial Features
4.2 Antifungal Features
4.3 Antioxidant Features
4.4 Other Health-promoting Effects
References
Chapter 27: Effect of Processing on the Composition and Quality of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
1 Nigella sativa
2 Nigella sativa Medical Purposes
3 Effect of Extraction Method on the Composition of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
3.1 Effect of Supercritical Fluid and Solvent Extraction Methods on the Quality and Bioactive Compounds of Nigella sativa Seed Oil
3.2 Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Quality and Bioactive Compounds of Nigella sativa Seed Oil
3.3 Effect of Microwave-Assisted, Hydro-Distillation, and Steam Distillation Extraction Methods on the Quality and Bioactive Compounds of Nigella sativa Seed Oil
3.4 Effect of Screw Pressed, and Cold Pressed Methods on the Quality of Nigella sativa Seed Oil
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Food Applications of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
1 Introduction
2 Description and Chemical Composition of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
3 Food Applications of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
4 The Advantageous Properties of Nigella sativa Essential Oil for Food Applications
4.1 Antimicrobial Activity
4.2 Antioxidant Activity
4.3 Nutritional Value
5 Stability of Nigella sativa Oil
6 Encapsulation of Nigella sativa Essential Oil and their Potential Applications in Food
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Health-Promoting Activities of Nigella sativa Essential Oil
1 Introduction
2 Bioactive Phytochemicals in Nigella sativa Essential Oil
3 Biological and Pharmaceutical Activities of N. sativa Essential Oil
4 Antioxidant Effects
5 Anti-cancerous Effects
6 Antimicrobial Activity
7 Hepatoprotective Activity
8 Antidiabetic Activity
9 Anti-inflammatory Activity
10 Antineurodegenerative Effects
11 Anti-Alzheimer Effects
12 Fertility-enhancing Activity
13 Antiparasitic Activity
14 Analgesic Activity
15 Applications of Black Cumin Oil in Animals and Poultry
16 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Part IV: Nigella sativa Seed Extracts: Chemistry, Technology, Functionality and Applications
Chapter 30: Composition and Functionality of Nigella sativa Seed Extracts
1 Nigella sativa (Black Cumin Seed)
2 Nigella sativa Seed Extracts
3 Composition of Black Seed Extract
4 Functionality of Seed Extracts
4.1 Health Effect
4.1.1 Antitoxic and Hepatoprotective Effect
4.1.2 Antimicrobial Effect
4.1.3 Cardiovascular Effect
4.1.4 Effect on Cancer
4.1.5 Neurological Effect
4.1.6 Wound Healing Effect
4.1.7 Triglyceride Lowering Effect
4.1.8 Serologic and Hematologic Effect
4.1.9 Effect on Infertility and Sexuality
4.2 Effects on the Synthesis of the Metal Nanoparticle (NPs)
4.3 Effects on Foodstuffs and Other Applications
References
Chapter 31: Nigella sativa Seed Extracts in Functional Foods and Nutraceutical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Geographical Distribution of N. sativa for Traditional Use
3 High-value Compounds in N. sativa Seed and Seed Oils
3.1 Antioxidant Activity
3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
3.3 Antiviral Activity
3.4 Antifungal Activity
3.5 Anti-diabetic Effects
3.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity
3.7 Immuno-modulatory Activity
3.8 Anti-cancer Activity
3.9 Improve the Skin Pigmentation
3.10 Wound Healing Property
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 32: Health Promoting Activities of Nigella sativa Seed Extracts
1 Introduction
2 Health Promoting Activities of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.1 Antioxidant Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.2 Anti-inflammatory Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.3 Respiratory Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.4 Neuphroprotective effects of N. sativa seed extracts
2.5 Neuroprotective effects of N. sativa seed extracts
2.6 Neurotoxicity Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.7 Anticancer Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.8 Anticardiovascular Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.9 Antidiabetic Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.10 Antimicrobial Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.10.1 Antibacterial Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.10.2 Antifungal Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
2.10.3 Antiparasitic Effects of N. sativa Seed Extracts
3 Conclusion
References
Index