Bird's Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Section 1: Revision of some basic mathematics
1. Some mathematics revision
1.1. Use of calculator and evaluating formulae
1.2. Fractions
1.3. Percentages
1.4. Ratio and proportion
1.5. Laws of indices
1.6. Brackets
1.7. Solving simple equations
1.8. Transposing formulae
1.9. Solving simultaneous equations
2. Further mathematics revision
2.1. Radians and degrees
2.2. Measurement of angles
2.3. Trigonometry revision
2.4. Logarithms and exponentials
2.5. Straight line graphs
2.6. Gradients, intercepts and the equation of a graph
2.7. Practical straight line graphs
2.8. Calculating areas of common shapes
Formulae for revision of some basic mathematics
Multiple choice questions on chapters 1 and 2
Section 2: Basic electrical and electronic engineering principles
3. Units associated with basic electrical quantities
3.1. SI units
3.2. Charge
3.3. Force
3.4. Work
3.5. Power
3.6. Electrical potential and e.m.f.
3.7. Resistance and conductance
3.8. Electrical power and energy
3.9. Summary of terms, units and their symbols
4. An introduction to electric circuits
4.1. Electrical/electronic system block diagrams
4.2. Standard symbols for electrical components
4.3. Electric current and quantity of electricity
4.4. Potential difference and resistance
4.5. Basic electrical measuring instruments
4.6. Linear and non-linear devices
4.7. Ohm’s law
4.8. Multiples and sub-multiples
4.9. Conductors and insulators
4.10. Electrical power and energy
4.11. Main effects of electric current
4.12. Fuses
4.13. Insulation and the dangers of constant high current flow
Practical laboratory experiment: OHM’S LAW
Which light bulb to choose? Watts or lumens?
What uses the most energy in your home?
5. Resistance variation
5.1. Resistor construction
5.2. Resistance and resistivity
5.3. Temperature coefficient of resistance
5.4. Resistor colour coding and ohmic values
6. Batteries and alternative sources of energy
6.1. Introduction to batteries
6.2. Some chemical effects of electricity
6.3. The simple cell
6.4. Corrosion
6.5. e.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell
6.6. Primary cells
6.7. Secondary cells
6.8. Lithium-ion batteries
6.9. Cell capacity
6.10. Safe disposal of batteries
6.11. Fuel cells
6.12. Alternative and renewable energy sources
6.13. Solar energy
6.14. Glass batteries
Revision Test 1
Some interesting facts about electricity
Where is energy wasted in the home?
7. Series and parallel networks
7.1. Series circuits
7.2. Potential divider
7.3. Parallel networks
7.4. Current division
7.5. Loading effect
7.6. Potentiometers and rheostats
7.7. Relative and absolute voltages
7.8. Earth potential and short circuits
7.9. Wiring lamps in series and in parallel
Practical laboratory experiment: Series-parallel d.c. circuit
8. Capacitors and capacitance
8.1. Introduction to capacitors
8.2. Electrostatic field
8.3. Electric field strength
8.4. Capacitance
8.5. Capacitors
8.6. Electric flux density
8.7. Permittivity
8.8. The parallel plate capacitor
8.9. Capacitors connected in parallel and series
8.10. Dielectric strength
8.11. Energy stored in capacitors
8.12. Practical types of capacitor
8.13. Supercapacitors
8.14. Discharging capacitors
Electrical safety is essential – electricity KILLS…!
9. Magnetic circuits
9.1. Introduction to magnetism and magnetic circuits
9.2. Magnetic fields
9.3. Magnetic flux and flux density
9.4. Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength
9.5. Permeability and B–H curves
9.6. Reluctance
9.7. Composite series magnetic circuits
9.8. Comparison between electrical and magnetic quantities
9.9. Hysteresis and hysteresis loss
Revision Test 2
10. Electromagnetism
10.1. Magnetic field due to an electric current
10.2. Electromagnets
10.3. Force on a current-carrying conductor
10.4. Principle of operation of a simple d.c. motor
10.5. Principle of operation of a moving-coil instrument
10.6. Force on a charge
Why are relays so important in electrical circuits?
11. Electromagnetic induction
11.1. Introduction to electromagnetic induction
11.2. Laws of electromagnetic induction
11.3. Rotation of a loop in a magnetic field
11.4. Inductance
11.5. Inductors
11.6. Energy stored
11.7. Inductance of a coil
11.8. Mutual inductance
12. Electrical measuring instruments and measurements
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Analogue instruments
12.3. Shunts and multipliers
12.4. Electronic instruments
12.5. The ohmmeter
12.6. Multimeters
12.7. Wattmeters
12.8. Instrument ‘loading’ effect
12.9. The oscilloscope
12.10. Virtual test and measuring instruments
12.11. Virtual digital storage oscilloscopes
12.12. Waveform harmonics
12.13. Logarithmic ratios
12.14. Null method of measurement
12.15. Wheatstone bridge
12.16. d.c. potentiometer
12.17. a.c. bridges
12.18. Q-meter
12.19. Measurement errors
Are you competent to do electrical work?
What is the difference between electrical and electronic devices?
13. Semiconductor diodes
13.1. Types of material
13.2. Semiconductor materials
13.3. Conduction in semiconductor materials
13.4. The p–n junction
13.5. Forward and reverse bias
13.6. Semiconductor diodes
13.7. Characteristics and maximum ratings
13.8. Rectification
13.9. Zener diodes
13.10. Silicon controlled rectifiers
13.11. Light emitting diodes
13.12. Varactor diodes
13.13. Schottky diodes
14. Transistors
14.1. Transistor classification
14.2. Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
14.3. Transistor action
14.4. Leakage current
14.5. Bias and current flow
14.6. Transistor operating configurations
14.7. Bipolar transistor characteristics
14.8. Transistor parameters
14.9. Current gain
14.10. Typical BJT characteristics and maximum ratings
14.11. Field effect transistors
14.12. Field effect transistor characteristics
14.13. Typical FET characteristics and maximum ratings
14.14. Transistor amplifiers
14.15. Load lines
Revision Test 3
Formulae for basic electrical and electronic principles
What does an Engineer do?
Section 3: Further electrical and electronic principles
15. d.c. circuit theory
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Kirchhoff’s laws
15.3. The superposition theorem
15.4. General d.c. circuit theory
15.5. Thévenin’s theorem
15.6. Constant-current source
15.7. Norton’s theorem
15.8. Thévenin and Norton equivalent networks
15.9. Maximum power transfer theorem
Practical laboratory experiment: Superposition theorem
Practical laboratory experiment: Thévenin’s theorem
16. Alternating voltages and currents
16.1. Introduction
16.2. The a.c. generator
16.3. Waveforms
16.4. a.c. values
16.5. Electrical safety–insulation and fuses
16.6. The equation of a sinusoidal waveform
16.7. Combination of waveforms
16.8. Rectification
16.9. Smoothing of the rectified output waveform
Practical laboratory experiment: Use of an oscilloscope to measure voltage, frequency and phase
Practical laboratory experiment: Use of an oscilloscope with a bridge rectifier circuit
Revision Test 4
Electric shock!
The war of the currents: AC v DC
17. Single-phase series a.c. circuits
17.1. Purely resistive a.c. circuit
17.2. Purely inductive a.c. circuit
17.3. Purely capacitive a.c. circuit
17.4. R-L series a.c. circuit
17.5. R-C series a.c. circuit
17.6. R-L-C series a.c. circuit
17.7. Series resonance
17.8. Q-factor
17.9. Bandwidth and selectivity
17.10. Power in a.c. circuits
17.11. Power triangle and power factor
Practical laboratory experiment: Measurement of the inductance of a coil
Practical laboratory experiment: Series a.c. circuit and resonance
18. Single-phase parallel a.c. circuits
18.1. Introduction
18.2. R-L parallel a.c. circuit
18.3. R-C parallel a.c. circuit
18.4. L-C parallel circuit
18.5. LR-C parallel a.c. circuit
18.6. Parallel resonance and Q-factor
18.7. Power factor improvement
Practical laboratory experiment: Parallel a.c. circuit and resonance
What everyday items in the home use motors?
How does a car electrical system work?
19. Filter networks
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Two-port networks and characteristic impedance
19.3. Low-pass filters
19.4. High-pass filters
19.5. Band-pass filters
19.6. Band-stop filters
20. d.c. transients
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Charging a capacitor
20.3. Time constant for a C-R circuit
20.4. Transient curves for a C-R circuit
20.5. Discharging a capacitor
20.6. Camera flash
20.7. Current growth in an L-R circuit
20.8. Time constant for an L-R circuit
20.9. Transient curves for an L-R circuit
20.10. Current decay in an L-R circuit
20.11. Switching inductive circuits
20.12. The effects of time constant on a rectangular waveform
Practical laboratory experiment: Charging and discharging a capacitor
HSE and electrical safety
What is electroplating?
21. Operational amplifiers
21.1. Introduction to operational amplifiers
21.2. Some op amp parameters
21.3. Op amp inverting amplifier
21.4. Op amp non-inverting amplifier
21.5. Op amp voltage-follower
21.6. Op amp summing amplifier
21.7. Op amp voltage comparator
21.8. Op amp integrator
21.9. Op amp differential amplifier
21.10. Digital to analogue (D/A) conversion
21.11. Analogue to digital (A/D) conversion
Revision Test 5
Formulae for further electrical and electronic principles
Section 4: Electrical power technology
22. Global climate change and the future of electricity production
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Global climate change
22.3. Evidence of rapid climate change
22.4. Consequences of global climate change
22.5. How does electric power production affect the global climate?
22.6. Generating electrical power using coal
22.7. Generating electrical power using oil
22.8. Generating electrical power using natural gas
22.9. Generating electrical power using nuclear energy
22.10. Generating electrical power using hydro power
22.11. Generating electrical power using pumped storage
22.12. Generating electrical power using wind
22.13. Generating electrical power using tidal power
22.14. Generating electrical power using biomass
22.15. Generating electrical power using solar energy
22.16. Harnessing the power of wind, tide and sun on an ‘energy island’ – a future possibility?
Could we live without electricity?
23. Three-phase systems
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Three-phase supply
23.3. Star connection
23.4. Delta connection
23.5. Power in three-phase systems
23.6. Measurement of power in three-phase systems
23.7. Comparison of star and delta connections
23.8. Advantages of three-phase systems
24. Transformers
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Transformer principle of operation
24.3. Transformer no-load phasor diagram
24.4. e.m.f. equation of a transformer
24.5. Transformer on-load phasor diagram
24.6. Transformer construction
24.7. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
24.8. Regulation of a transformer
24.9. Transformer losses and efficiency
24.10. Resistance matching
24.11. Auto transformers
24.12. Isolating transformers
24.13. Three-phase transformers
24.14. Current transformers
24.15. Voltage transformers
Revision Test 6
Ten trending technologies
25. d.c. machines
25.1. Introduction
25.2. The action of a commutator
25.3. d.c. machine construction
25.4. Shunt, series and compound windings
25.5. e.m.f. generated in an armature winding
25.6. d.c. generators
25.7. Types of d.c. generator and their characteristics
25.8. d.c. machine losses
25.9. Efficiency of a d.c. generator
25.10. d.c. motors
25.11. Torque of a d.c. motor
25.12. Types of d.c. motor and their characteristics
25.13. The efficiency of a d.c. motor
25.14. d.c. motor starter
25.15. Speed control of d.c. motors
25.16. Motor cooling
26. Three-phase induction motors
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Production of a rotating magnetic field
26.3. Synchronous speed
26.4. Construction of a three-phase induction motor
26.5. Principle of operation of a three-phase induction motor
26.6. Slip
26.7. Rotor e.m.f. and frequency
26.8. Rotor impedance and current
26.9. Rotor copper loss
26.10. Induction motor losses and efficiency
26.11. Torque equation for an induction motor
26.12. Induction motor torque–speed characteristics
26.13. Starting methods for induction motors
26.14. Advantages of squirrel-cage induction motors
26.15. Advantages of wound rotor induction motors
26.16. Double cage induction motor
26.17. Uses of three-phase induction motors
Revision Test 7
Formulae for electrical power technology
Future technology snippets
Answers to Practice Exercises
Index