As with any rapid technological development, the biotechnology revolution is putting great strains on the ability of law to adapt to new challenges and threats. Although there is general agreement on the need to regulate biotechnology in many different fields of human activity (agriculture, life sciences, forensic science), domestic law remains deeply divided over the best approach to take. This book is the first major work to cover the most pressing legal issues raised by the impact of biotechnologies on different categories of international norms. Through the contribution of a select group of international scholars and experts from international organizations, the book addresses: the international status of genetic resources, both in areas of national jurisdiction and in common spaces such as the international sea bed area and Antarctica; the relevance of environmental principles in the governance of modern biotechnologies; the impact of biotechnologies on trade rules, including intellectual property law; the human rights implications, especially in the field of human genetics; and the intersection between general international law and regional systems, especially those developed in Europe and Latin America.
Author(s): Francesco Francioni, Tullio Scovazzi
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 448
Half Title Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Title verso......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Table of Cases......Page 9
Table of Legislation......Page 13
Part I: The International Legal Regime of Biotechnology: General Aspects......Page 39
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 41
II. WHO OWNS THE BIOGENETIC RESOURCES?......Page 45
III. BIOTECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION......Page 54
IV. BIOTECHNOLOGIES, JUSTICE AND THE EQUITABLE SHARING OF BENEFITS......Page 58
V. BIOTECHNOLOGY, HUMAN DIGNITY AND HUMAN LIBERTY......Page 63
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 67
II. COMMON CONCERN OF HUMANITY......Page 69
III. EQUITABLE BENEFIT-SHARING......Page 77
IV. PRECAUTION......Page 80
V. MUTUAL SUPPORTIVENESS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS ON BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE APPLICABLE WTO AGREEMENTS......Page 88
VI. CONCLUSION......Page 94
Part II: Biotechnology and the Protection of the Environment......Page 97
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 99
II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIODIVERSITY CONCEPT......Page 100
III. ‘FOOD.HOPE.HEALTH’17: AGENDA 21 AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT......Page 102
IV. THE 1992 CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY......Page 103
V. BIOSAFETY IN THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY......Page 104
VI. KEY PROVISIONS OF THE 2000 CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY......Page 106
VII. AIA, BIOSAFETY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT......Page 109
VIII. TRADE AND BIOSAFETY......Page 112
IX. CONCLUSION......Page 116
I. THERMOPHILES, HYPERTHERMOPHILES AND EXTREMOPHILES......Page 119
II. THE NOTION OF BIOPROSPECTING......Page 120
III. BIOPROSPECTING AND FISHING......Page 121
IV. BIOPROSPECTING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH......Page 122
V. BIOPROSPECTING AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT......Page 126
VI. BIOPROSPECTING AND CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY......Page 129
VII. A GAP TO BE FILLED......Page 131
VIII. FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 134
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 137
II. MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES......Page 140
III. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MPA (MARINE PROTECTED AREAS) SYSTEM PROVIDED BY THE CBD AND THE AIA (ADVANCED INFORMED AGREEMENT) PROCEDURE PROVIDED BY THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY WITH UNCLOS PROVISIONS ON INNOCENT PASSAGE AND FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION......Page 145
IV. CONCLUSION......Page 147
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 149
II. ANTARCTICA AS A NATURAL RESERVE......Page 152
III. THE STATUS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WITHIN THE ATS......Page 155
IV. THE OWNERSHIP AND BENEFIT-SHARING OF THE RESULTS OF ANTARCTIC BIOPROSPECTING......Page 158
V. CONTROL OVER ANTARCTIC EXPLORING ACTIVITIES......Page 163
VI. BIOPROSPECTING IN OTHER INTERNATIONAL REGIMES......Page 164
VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 181
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 185
II. BIOPROSPECTING AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM: AN INTRINSICALLY FAVOURABLE BALANCE TO INNOVATION......Page 189
III. BIOLOGICAL PROSPECTING AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM: OVERCOMING THE ATS BALANCE IN ORDER TO INTEGRATE THE BIOPROSPECTING ISSUES INTO THE SYSTEM......Page 200
IV. CONCLUSION......Page 206
Part III: Biotechnology and International Trade Issues......Page 209
8. The WTO Dispute Over Genetically Modified Organisms: Interface Problems of International Trade Law, Environmental Law and Biotechnology Lay......Page 211
I. INTRODUCTION AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND TO THE DISPUTE......Page 212
II. LEGAL CLAIMS BY THE COMPLAINANTS......Page 214
III. LEGAL ARGUMENTS BY THE EC......Page 218
IV. AMICUS CURIAE SUBMISSIONS......Page 221
V. LEGAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE RELEVANT ‘MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS ON TRADE IN GOODS’......Page 223
VI. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN RISK REGULATION UNDER THE SPS AGREEMENT......Page 229
VII. THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL ON WTO LAW......Page 234
VIII. POSTSCRIPT : THE 2006 WTO PANEL REPORT ON THE GMO DISPUTE......Page 237
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 239
II. THE STATUS OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE UNDER EXISTING INTERNATIONAL PATENT LAW......Page 241
III. CONCLUSION......Page 265
I INTRODUCTION......Page 269
II. EXAMPLES OF DOMESTIC LEGISLATION ON AGRO BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 271
III. THE MULTILATERAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK......Page 280
IV. CONCLUSIONS......Page 290
Part IV: Biotechnology and Human Rights......Page 293
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 295
II. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCERNS IN THE INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF MODERN AGROBIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 296
III. FOOD SECURITY, THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE AND NUTRITIOUS FOOD AND THE LINK TO AGROBIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 317
IV. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH......Page 321
I. INTRODUCTION: THE HUMAN GENOME......Page 323
II. ‘KNOWING THE MAP’: NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR HUMAN HEALTH......Page 324
III. MANIPULATING THE HUMAN GENOME: LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 325
IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOETHICS IN THE LEGAL ARENA......Page 327
V. SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS, THE HUMAN GENOME AND INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 336
VI. THE HUMAN GENOME AS THE HERITAGE OF HUMANITY......Page 340
VII. HUMAN GENOME AND HUMAN DIGNITY: PROBLEMATICAL ISSUES......Page 344
VIII. CONCLUSION: THE PRIMACY OF HUMAN DIGNITY......Page 373
I. BIOPROSPECTION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS......Page 379
II. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ BIOGENETIC RESOURCES AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE: TWO ELEMENTS OF A UNIQUE LEGAL VALUE......Page 387
III. RECONCILING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS......Page 388
IV. CASE STUDY: THE CASE OF GUARANÀ AS INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE SATERÉ-MAWÉ PEOPLE (BRAZIL)......Page 392
Part V: Biotechnology and Regional Economic Integration Systems......Page 405
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 407
II. NATURE AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CHARTER......Page 408
III. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS HAVING A DIRECT IMPACT ON BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 411
IV. SCOPE OF THE RIGHTS GUARANTEED IN ARTICLE 3 AND PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHARTER......Page 420
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 422
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 425
II. INTER-INSTITUTIONAL AND MULTI-LEVEL CONFLICTS ON GMOS WITHIN THE EU......Page 426
III. THE WAY THE COMMISSION ADDRESSED MEMBER STATES AND SUB-NATIONAL AUTHORITIES’ OPPOSITION TO GMOS: SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AS A ‘FLEXIBLE YARDSTICK’?......Page 430
IV. THE COMMISSION’S DEFENCE STARTEGY IN THE EC SUBMISSION......Page 433
V. THE INCONSISTENCIES OF THE COMMISSION’S DEFENCE OF THE EU MEASURES ON GMOS IN THE EC WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS......Page 434
VI. JUSTIFICATIONS OF INCONSISTENCIES......Page 437
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 441
II. REGULATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSECURITY IN THE ANDEAN COMMUNITY......Page 448
III. CONCLUSIONS......Page 475
Index......Page 477
