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Biotechnology and Crop Improvement: Tissue Culture and Transgenic Approaches

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Biotechnology and Crop Improvement

The green revolution led to the development of improved varieties of crops, especially cereals, and since then, classical or molecular breeding has resulted in the creation of economically valuable species. Thanks to recent developments in biotechnology, it has become possible to introduce genes from different sources, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, mice and humans, to plants. This technology has made the scientific community aware of the critical role of transgenic, not only as a means of producing stress tolerant crops but also as a platform for the production of therapeutics through molecular farming. Biotechnology and Crop Improvement: Tissue Culture and Transgenic Approaches focuses on important field crops to highlight germplasm enhancement for developing resistance to newly emerging diseases, pests, nutrient- and water-use efficiency, root traits and improved tolerance to increasing temperature and introduces significant recent achievements in crop improvement using methods such as micropropagation, somaclonal variation, somatic embryogenesis, anther/pollen/embryo culture, and compressing the breeding cycle for accelerated breeding and early release of crop varieties.

Plant biotechnology has now become an integral part of tissue culture research. The tremendous impact generated by genetic engineering and consequently of transgenic now allows us to manipulate plant genomes at will. There has indeed been a rapid development in this area with major successes in both developed and developing countries. Development of transgenic crop plants, their utilization for improved agriculture, health, ecology and environment and their socio-political impacts are currently important fields in education, research, and industry and also of interest to policy makers, social activists and regulatory and funding agencies. This work prepared with a class-room approach on this multidisciplinary subject will fill an existing gap and meet the requirements of such a broad section of readers. It describes the recent biotechnological advancement and developments in plant tissue culture and transgenic. Plant tissue culture techniques such as such as micropropagation, regeneration, somaclonal variation, somatic embryogenesis, anther/pollen/embryo culture are discussed for genetic improvement of crop plant. Transgenic techniques are discussed for developing resistance to newly emerging diseases, pests, nutrient- and water-use efficiency, root traits, and improved tolerance to increasing temperature.

Key Features

  • Shows the importance of plant tissue culture and transgenic technology on plant biology research and its application to agricultural production
  • Provides insight into what may lie ahead in this rapidly expanding area of plant research and development
  • Contains contributions from major leaders in the field of plant tissue culture and transgenic technology

This book is devoted to topics with references at both graduate and postgraduate levels. The book traces the roots of plant biotechnology from the basic sciences to current applications in the biological and agricultural sciences, industry, and medicine. The processes and methods used to genetically engineer plants for agricultural, environmental, and industrial purposes along with bioethical and biosafety issues of the technology are vividly described in the book.

Author(s): Nitish Kumar
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 268
City: Boca Raton

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor’s Biography
Contributors
1 Transgenic Technology in Crop Improvement
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief Account of Plant Transformation Methods
1.2.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation
1.2.2 Protoplast Transformation
1.2.3 Biolistic Transformation
1.2.4 Chloroplast Engineering
1.2.5 Microinjection
1.2.6 Electroporation
1.2.7 Chemical Methods
1.2.7.1 Calcium Phosphate Co-Precipitation
1.2.7.2 DEAE-Dextran-Mediated Transfer
1.2.7.3 PEG-Mediated DNA Delivery
1.3 Modern Transgenic Approaches for Crop Improvement
1.3.1 Cisgenesis and Intragenesis
1.3.2 RNA Interference
1.3.3 Fine Tuning of MiRNAs in Crop Improvement
1.3.4 Genome Editing
1.3.4.1 ZFNs
1.3.4.2 TALENs
1.3.4.3 CRISPR/Cas9 System
1.4 Application of Transgenic Techniques in Crop Improvement
1.4.1 Enhanced Pest Resistance and Disease Control
1.4.2 Enhanced Abiotic Stress Resistance
1.4.3 Quality Improvement
1.4.4 Enhanced Shelf-Life
1.5 Current Challenges and Future Prospects
1.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
2 Elicitation: A Biotechnological Approach for Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in In Vitro Cultures
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Elicitation and Secondary Metabolite Production
2.3 Elicitors and Their Types
2.3.1 Abiotic Elicitors
2.3.1.1 Physical Elicitors
2.3.1.2 Chemical Elicitors
2.3.1.3 Hormonal Elicitors
2.3.2 Biotic Elicitors
2.4 Mechanism of Elicitation
2.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Elicitation
2.5.1 Time of Elicitor Exposure
2.5.2 Concentration of Elicitor
2.5.3 Age of Culture
2.5.4 Elicitor Selection
2.6 Elicitors and Enhancement of Valuable Medicinal Compounds
2.7 Nanoparticles and Elicitation
2.8 Effect of Combined Elicitors On Production of Secondary Metabolites
2.9 Role of Elicitors in Metabolic Engineering
2.10 Effect of Elicitation Along With Other Strategies
2.10.1 Combined Effect of Precursor Feeding and Elicitation
2.10.2 Nutrient Feeding With Elicitation
2.11 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
3 Tissue Culture of Rare and Endangered Forest Plant Species of India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Endangered Plants in India
3.3 Tissue Culture Techniques for Some Endangered Plants
3.4 In Vitro Propagation Techniques for Endangered Forest Plant Species
3.5 Examples of Micropropagation Protocol Development of Some Rare and Endangered Plant Species in India
3.5.1 Explant Selection and Sterilization
3.5.2 Shoot Formation From Nodal Explants
3.5.3 Root Formation From Shootlet Development From Nodal Explants
3.6 Explant Selection and Sterilization
3.6.1 Shoot Formation From Nodal Explants
3.6.2 Root Induction
Acknowledgment
References
4 Enhancement of Nutritional, Pharmaceutical and Industrial Value of Crops Through Genetic Modification With Carotenoid ...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids
4.3 Approaches for Enhancing Beta-Carotene in Crops
4.3.1 Breeding Approaches
4.3.2 Gene Transfer Or Overexpression of Genes
4.3.3 Gene Silencing and Genome Editing
4.4 Cleaved Product of Carotenoids: Apocarotenoids
References
5 Factors Influencing Somatic Embryogenesis and Regeneration With Particular Reference to Carica Papaya L.
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Somatic Embryogenesis
5.2.1 Direct Somatic Embryogenesis
5.2.2 Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis
5.3 Characteristics and Stages of Somatic Embryogenesis
5.4 Factors Affecting Somatic Embryogenesis With Special Reference to Papaya
5.4.1 Explant Type
5.4.2 Genotype of Explant
5.4.3 Role of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
5.4.4 Polyamines and Amino Acids
5.4.5 Carbon Source
5.4.6 Somatic Embryogenesis as a Result of Stress
5.4.7 Importance of Signaling for Plant Somatic Embryogenesis
5.5 Regeneration of Plants From Somatic Embryos
5.6 Factors Influencing in Vitro Regeneration of Plantlets From Somatic Embryos
5.6.1 Plant Growth Regulators
5.6.2 Media Components
5.6.3 Culture Growth Conditions (Light, Temperature, Humidity)
5.7 Applications of Somatic Embryogenesis
References
6 Application of Plant Tissue Culture for Improvement of Centella Asiatica
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Tissue Culture in Centella Asiatica
6.2.1 Source of Explants for Plant Tissue Culture in Centella
6.2.2 Plant Tissue Culture Media and Combination of Plant Growth Regulators
6.2.3 Callus and Suspension Culture
6.3 Approaches for Scaling Up Secondary Metabolite Production Through Application of Plant Tissue Culture
6.3.1 Induction of Elicitor Molecules in Centella
6.3.2 Transformation Through Tissue Culture in Centella Species
6.3.3 Bioreactor and Synthetic Seed Technology
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Improvement of Seed Protein Quality in Some Important Food Crops Using Genetic Engineering Approaches
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Seed Protein Improvement in Cereals
7.3 Seed Protein Improvement in Pulses
7.4 Protein Improvement in Other Important Crops
References
8 Somatic Embryogenesis and Transformation Studies in Ginger
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Uses of Ginger
8.3 Somatic Embryogenesis
8.3.1 Somatic Embryogenesis in Ginger Family
8.4 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation
8.5 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Via Somatic Embryogenesis in Ginger
8.5.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation
8.5.2 Selection and Somatic Embryo Regeneration
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9 Role of Biotechnology in Genetic Improvement of Clitoria Ternatea: A Rare Medicinal Plant
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Plant Description
9.1.2 Geographical Distribution
9.2 Genetic Diversity in C. Ternatea
9.3 Tissue Culture
9.3.1 Direct Plant Regeneration in C. Ternatea Explant
9.3.2 Indirect Plant Regeneration in C. Ternatea
9.3.3 Embryogenesis in C. Ternatea
9.4 Genetic Transformation in C. Ternatea
9.4.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation in C. Ternatea
9.5 Omic Technologies in C. Ternatea
9.5.1 Identified Genes in C. Ternatea
9.5.2 Identified Proteins in C. Ternatea
9.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
10 Molecular Clonal Fidelity Assessment of Micropropagated Orchids Using DNA Markers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Micropropagation of Orchids
10.2.1 Factors Influencing Orchid Propagation
10.2.2 Orchid Propagation From Different Explants
10.3 Clonal Fidelity Assessment of Micropropagated Orchids
10.3.1 Somaclonal Variation
10.3.2 DNA Markers in Clonal Fidelity Assessment
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11 Tissue Culture Studies in Lamiaceae: A Review
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Agastache Foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze
11.3 Ajuga Bracteosa
11.4 Calamintha Nepeta
11.5 Coleus Spp.
11.5.1 Coleus Blumei
11.5.2 Coleus Forskohlii Briq.
11.6 Hyssopus Officinalis L.
11.7 Lavandula Spp.
11.7.1 Lavandula Angustifolia Mill.
11.7.2 Lavandula Dentata L.
11.8 Melissa Officinalis L.
11.9 Mentha Spp.
11.9.1 Mentha Arvensis
11.9.2 Mentha Piperita L.
11.10 Ocimum Spp.
11.10.1 Ocimum Basilicum L.
11.10.2 Ocimum Kilimandscharicum Guerke
11.10.3 Ocimum Sanctum
11.11 Origanum Vulgare L.
11.12 Pogostemon Cablin Benth.
11.13 Prunella Vulgaris L.
11.14 Rosmarinus Officinalis L.
11.15 Salvia Spp.
11.15.1 Salvia Officinalis L.
11.15.2 Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge
11.16 Thymus Vulgaris L.
References
12 Cinnamomum Tamala: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties, and Micropropagation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Taxonomy
12.3 Distribution
12.4 Description
12.5 Medicinal Properties
12.6 Uses
12.7 Phytoconstituents of Cinnamomum Tamala
12.8 Pharmacological Properties
12.8.1 Antidiabetic Activity
12.8.2 Lipid-Lowering Activity
12.8.3 Antimicrobial Activity
12.8.4 Antidiarrhoeal Activity
12.8.5 Antioxidant Activity
12.9 Micropropagation
12.10 Molecular Studies
Conclusion
References
13 Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Mapping in Crop Improvement
13.1 Quantitative Traits
13.2 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs)
13.3 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis
13.4 Molecular Markers and Linkage Mapping
13.5 Principles of QTL Mapping
13.6 Steps in QTL Mapping
13.6.1 Developing the Mapping Population
13.6.2 Generating Saturated Linkage Map
13.6.3 Phenotyping of Mapping Population
13.6.4 QTL Detection
13.6.4.1 Single Marker Analysis (SMA)
13.6.4.2 Simple Interval Mapping (SIM)
13.6.4.3 Composite Interval Mapping (CIM)
13.6.4.4 Multiple Interval Mapping (MIM)
13.7 Application of QTL Mapping
References
14 Progress in Genetic Engineering of Pigeonpea [Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.]: A Review
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Crop Pigeonpea
14.3 Yield Constraints in Pigeonpea
14.4 Biotechnology to the Rescue
14.5 Source of Explants for Pigeonpea Transformation
14.6 Genetic Transformation
14.7 Tools of Gene Transfer
14.8 Selection of Transformants
14.9 Transgenic Analysis
14.10 Future Prospects
References