Biotechnological Innovations for Environmental Bioremediation

Foreword
Preface
Part I: Environmental Remediation
Part II: Phytoremediation
Part III: Environmental Safety, Health, and Risk Assessment
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Part I: Environmental Remediation
Part II: Phytoremediation
Part III: Environmental Safety, Health, and Risk Assessments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Environmental Remediation
1: Ecosystem Engineers: A Sustainable Catalyst for Environmental Remediation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Green Technologies for the Sustainable Development
1.3 Bioremediation: An Effective Tool to Manage Pollution
1.3.1 Ecosystem Engineers
1.3.2 Conventional Bioremediation Approaches for Pollutant Mitigation: Micro-Remediation
1.3.3 Mechanism behind Degradation
1.3.4 Sustainable Enzyme Technology for Environmental Remediation
1.3.4.1 Hydrolases (EC3)
1.3.4.2 Esterases (EC 3.1)
1.3.4.3 Nitrilases (EC 3.5.5.1)
1.3.4.4 Peroxidases (EC1) Ligninolytic Peroxidases
1.3.4.5 Lignin Peroxidase
1.3.4.6 Manganese Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13)
1.3.4.7 Cytochrome p450 Monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1)
1.4 Entomo-remediation
1.4.1 The Role of Earthworms in Pollutant Degradation
1.4.2 The Significance of Gut Produced Enzymes in Degradation Processes
1.5 Conclusions: A Road Ahead Towards Sustainable Development
References
2: Microbial Nanobiotechnology in Environmental Pollution Management: Prospects and Challenges
2.1 Environmental Pollution
2.1.1 Types of Environmental Pollution
2.1.1.1 Air Pollution
2.1.1.2 Water Pollution
2.1.1.3 Soil Pollution
2.1.2 Effects of Pollution
2.2 Microbial Nanobiotechnology in Pollution Management
2.2.1 Microorganisms Important in Nanobiotechnological Management of Pollution
2.2.1.1 Bacteria
2.2.1.2 Fungi
2.2.1.3 Microalgae
2.2.2 Secretion and Importance of Microbial Nanoparticle in Pollution Management
2.2.2.1 Gold Nanoparticle
2.2.2.2 Silver Nanoparticle
2.2.2.3 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles
2.3 Principles of Nanotechnology in Pollution Management
2.3.1 Adsorption
2.3.2 Nanofiltration
2.3.3 Photocatalysis
2.4 Current Advances in Nanotechnological Management of Pollution
2.4.1 Pollution Bioremediation
2.4.2 Pollution Biosensory
2.4.3 Pollution Prevention
2.5 Risk Assessment and Sustainability of Nanotechnology in Pollution Management
2.6 Challenges and Recommendations
2.6.1 Challenges
2.6.2 Recommendations
2.7 Concluding Remarks
References
3: Soil Microbiome: A Key Player in Conservation of Soil Health Under Changing Climatic Conditions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Soil Microbiome
3.3 Function of Soil Microbiome for Improving Soil Health Under Changing Climate
3.4 Characteristics of the Microbiome of Soil
3.5 Factors Determining the Composition and Role of Soil Microbiome
3.6 Direct Impacts of Climate Change on Soil Communities and Plants
3.7 Climate Change Secondary Impacts on Plants and Soil Microbiome
3.8 Determination of Microbiome by Host Genotype
3.9 Alteration of Host Pathways Signaling
3.10 Alteration in Root Secretions
3.11 Targeted Engineering of Plant Microbiomes
3.12 Developing Areas in Microbiome Engineering
3.13 Utilizing Organic Soil Amendments and Root Exudates to Attract and Maintain Beneficial Microbiomes
3.14 Artificial Microbial Consortia
3.15 Microbiome Breeding and Transplantation
3.16 Microbiome Preservation
3.17 Methods of Microbiome Preservation
3.17.1 Cell Alive System (CAS) Technique for Intact Microbiome Preservation
3.17.2 Cryopreservation and Lyophilization in Microbiome Preservation
3.17.3 Gelatine Disk Method: Preservation of Sample
3.17.4 Cellular Immobilization or Entrapment
3.17.5 Electrospinning and Electrospraying (Microencapsulation) in Microbiome Preservation
3.17.5.1 Prospective Contribution from Genome to Phenome on the Host of the Soil Microbiome
3.18 Sustainable Agriculture and Food Safety Due to Consequences of the Soil Microbiome
3.19 Conclusion
References
4: Anaerobic Digestion for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Anaerobic Digestion
4.2.1 Pretreatment Methods
4.2.1.1 Wastewater Treatment
4.2.1.2 Microbial Pretreatment
4.3 Methane
4.4 Methanogens
4.4.1 Phylogeny and Habitats of Methanogens
4.5 Methanogenesis
4.5.1 Hydrogenotrophic Archaea
4.5.2 Methylotrophic Methanogens
4.5.3 Aceticlastic Methanogens
4.6 Improvement in Methane Production
4.6.1 Nano-Biochar
4.6.2 Bioaugmentation
4.6.3 Ultrasound Pretreatment
4.6.4 Micro-Oxygenic Treatment
4.6.5 Role of Temperature
4.6.5.1 Mesophilic and Thermophilic Temperature
4.6.5.2 Psychrophilic Temperature
4.6.6 Effects of Silver Nanoparticles
4.7 Biotechnology of Archaea
4.7.1 Synthetic Genes for Industrial Products Production
4.8 Extracellular Electron
4.8.1 Mineralization
4.8.2 Biomineralization: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)
4.8.3 Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (DIET)
4.9 Applications
4.9.1 Sweet Sorghum as a Source of Hydrogen and Methane
4.9.2 Anaerobic Digestion
4.9.3 Clostridium butyricum
4.9.4 Reactor System
4.9.5 Biogas
4.10 Discussion
4.11 Conclusion
References
5: Mitigation of Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Concrete Sewers Using Nitrite
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sewer System and Concrete Corrosion
5.2.1 Sewer System
5.2.1.1 Overview of the Sewer System
5.2.1.2 Sulfide in Sewers
5.2.2 Concrete Corrosion in Sewers
5.2.2.1 Overview of Sewer Concrete Corrosion
5.2.2.2 Corrosion Layer Conditions
5.3 Applications of Nitrite in Sewer Systems
5.3.1 Reducing H2S Production in Anaerobic Sewers
5.3.2 Mitigating the Corrosion Development of Existing Corroding Sewers
5.3.3 Increasing the Corrosion Resistance of Nitrite Admixed Concrete
References
6: Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Pathways: Biofuel Production for Climate Change Mitigation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Systems and Synthetic Biology
6.3 The CRISPR/Cas Revolution
6.4 The Role of Synthetic Biology in Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Reduction
6.5 Synthetic Biology Tools to Engineer and Control Microbial Communities
6.5.1 Applications of Plant Synthetic Biology
6.5.2 Production of Functional Biomaterials
6.5.3 The Potential of Synthetic Microbial Consortia in Bioprocesses of the Future
6.5.4 Synthetic Antibody Could Prevent and Treat COVID-19
6.5.5 Artemisinin
6.5.6 Resveratrol
6.6 Renewable Energy
6.6.1 Biomass and Biofuels
6.6.2 C3 and C4 Plants
6.7 Lignocellulosic Biofuels
6.8 Lignin Biosynthesis
6.9 Metabolic Engineering
6.10 Bio-Based Platform for Industrial Products
6.11 Biochemicals Derived from the Shikimate Pathway
6.12 Biochemicals Derived from the Isoprenoid Pathways
6.13 Agri-Waste to Value-Added Products
6.14 Discussion
6.15 Future Directions and Concluding Remarks
References
7: Handmade Paper Industry: A Green and Sustainable Enterprise and Its Challenges
7.1 Introduction
7.2 National/International Demand
7.3 Composition of Wood
7.3.1 Cellulose
7.3.2 Hemicellulose
7.3.3 Lignin
7.4 Easily Availability of Machine/Equipment
7.5 Disadvantages of Using Nonwood Fiber (Bajpai 2018)
7.6 Challenges for Handmade Paper Manufacturing Process
7.6.1 Challenges for Raw Material
7.6.2 Strengthening of Handmade Paper
7.6.3 The Degree of Difficulty in the Performance of Fiber Materials During Pulping
7.6.4 Challenges in Pulping
7.7 Environmental Effect
7.8 Economic Effect
7.9 Societal Impact
7.10 Significance of Handmade Paper
7.11 Future Research Areas
7.12 Conclusions
References
8: Bioremediation Approaches and the Role of Microbes in the Bio-sustainable Rehabilitation of Polluted Sites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Principle of Bioremediation
8.2.1 Factors Affecting Bioremediation
8.2.1.1 Nutrients and Environmental Requirements
8.2.1.2 Energy Sources
8.2.1.3 Bioavailability and Bioactivity
8.3 Methods of Bioremediation
8.3.1 In Situ Bioremediation
8.3.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation
8.3.3 Phytoremediation
8.3.3.1 Phytoextraction or Phytoaccumulation
8.3.3.2 Phytostabilization or Phyto-immobilization
8.3.3.3 Phytotransformation or Phytodegradation
8.4 Microbes That Assist in the Bioremediation Processes
8.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation
8.6 Conclusion
References
9: Recent Bioremediation Techniques for the Removal of Industrial Wastes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Recent Bioremediation Methods for Mitigating Various Industrial Wastes
9.2.1 Microbial Bioremediation
9.2.2 Genetically Modified Microbes for Enhanced Bioremediation
9.2.3 Phytoremediation
9.2.4 Phytobial
9.2.5 Electro-bioremediation Technique
9.2.6 Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation Technique
9.2.7 Microbial Fuel Cells for Bioremediation
9.2.8 Nano-bioremediation Technique
9.2.9 Constructed Wetlands
9.3 Limitations, Prospects and Conclusion
References
10: Pesticides: Indian Scenario on Environmental Concerns and Future Alternatives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Consumption of Pesticides in India
10.3 Impact of Chemical Pesticides
10.3.1 Regulations and Quality Control
10.3.2 Impact of Chemical Pesticides on Soil
10.3.3 Impact of Chemical Pesticides on Water
10.3.4 Chemical Pesticides and Health Hazards
10.4 Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides
10.4.1 Biopesticides
10.4.1.1 Microbial Biopesticides
10.4.1.2 Biochemical/Botanical Pesticides
10.5 Nano-biotechnological Interventions for Crop Protection
10.5.1 Nano-pesticides
10.5.2 Nano-encapsulation
10.5.3 Nano-sensors
10.5.4 Regulation of Agri-Nanoproducts
10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Part II: Phytoremediation
11: Phytoremediation: A Sustainable Solution to Combat Pollution
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Need of Bioremediation of Heavy Metal-Infected Areas
11.2.1 Bioremediation
11.2.2 Need for Bioremediation in Heavy Metal-Affected Areas
11.2.3 Bioremediation Mechanism
11.3 Mechanism of Detoxification of Heavy Metals by Microbes
11.3.1 Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals
11.3.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Microbes
11.3.3 Heavy Metal Detoxification by Microbes
11.3.4 Biosorption Mechanism
11.3.5 Extracellular Sequestration
11.3.6 Extracellular Barrier of Preventing Metal Entry Into Microbial Cell
11.3.7 Methylation of Metals
11.3.8 Reduction in Heavy Metal Ions by Microbial Cell
11.4 Mechanism of Detoxification of Heavy Metals By Plants
11.4.1 Methods of Phytoremediation
11.4.1.1 Phytoextraction
11.4.1.2 Phytodegradation
11.4.1.3 Phytostabilization
11.4.1.4 Phytovolatilization
11.4.1.5 Phytofiltration
11.4.1.6 Rhizodegradation
11.4.1.7 Phytomining
11.4.2 Advantages and Limitations of Phytoremediation
11.4.2.1 Genetic Engineering in Phytoremediation
11.5 New Innovative Approaches for Removal of Heavy Metals
11.5.1 Phytodegradation
11.5.2 Phytofiltration
11.5.3 Phytoextraction
11.5.4 Phytostabilization
11.5.5 Phytovolatilization
11.5.6 Current Techniques
11.5.6.1 Hydraulic Barrier
11.5.6.2 Vegetation Cover
11.5.6.3 Constructed Wetlands
11.5.6.4 Phytodesalination
11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
12: Phytoremediation and Therapeutic Potential of Neglected Plants: An Invasive Aquatic Weeds and Ornamental Plant
12.1 Backdrop
12.2 Phytoremediation: Plant-Based Eco-Friendly Technology
12.3 Neglected Plants for Phytoremediation
12.3.1 Aquatic Plants
12.3.1.1 Significance of Aquatic Plants
12.3.2 Ornamental Plants
12.3.2.1 Application of Ornamental Plants
12.4 Eichhornia crassipes: An Aquatic Plant
12.4.1 Taxonomical Classification
12.4.1.1 Application of E. crassipes: Green Cleaning Technology
Phytoremediation Potential of E. crassipes
Detoxification of Ni, Pb, Al, B, Cu, Mo, Zn, and Mn
Phytoremediation of Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN)
Phytoremediation of Fe (Iron)
12.5 Pistia stratiotes/Jal Kumbhi: Medicinal and Aquatic Plant
12.5.1 Taxonomical Classification
12.5.1.1 Application of P. stratiotes: Hyperaccumulator and Bioindicator
Phytoremediation of Crude Oil-Polluted Water
Detoxification of Heavy Metals
Phytoremediation of Dye Effluents
12.6 Canna: Ornamental Plant
12.6.1 Taxonomic Classification
12.6.1.1 Importance of Canna
12.7 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Gc-Ms): A Molecular Technique for Detection of Chemical Compound from Plant Extract
12.7.1 Collection of Plant Material
12.7.2 Preparation of Plant Extract
12.7.3 GC-MS Analysis
12.7.4 Quantification of Phytocompounds
12.7.5 Statistical Analysis
12.8 Therapeutic Agents of Plant Extract
12.9 Significance of Important Phytochemicals, Bioactive Compounds, and Its Properties for Sustainable Environment and Human W...
12.10 Future Thrust
References
13: Phytoremediation of Coastal Saline Vertisols of Gujarat Through Biosaline Agriculture
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Distribution of Vertisols
13.3 Main Production Constraints
13.4 Soil Salinity Problems in India
13.4.1 Coastal Saline Soils
13.4.2 Salinity Build-up in Soil and Soil Quality
13.4.3 Seawater Intrusion
13.4.4 Coastal Saline Vertisols
13.4.4.1 Impact of Salinity
13.4.4.2 Water Logging-Related Problems
13.4.4.3 Opportunities with Coastal Saline Vertisols
13.4.5 Coastal Salt-Affected Vertisols in Gujarat State, a Western Province of India
13.5 Management Options
13.5.1 Phytodesalinization of Coastal Saline Vertisols
13.5.1.1 Phytoremediation by Wild Edible Species and Fodder Crops
13.5.2 Saline Agriculture: A Potential Tool for Phytoremediation
13.5.3 Halophytes as Alternate Food/Feed Crops
13.5.4 Halophytes in Bioremediation Programs
13.6 Bioremediation of Coastal Saline Vertisols: Some Interventions
13.6.1 Intervention 1: Cultivation of Salvadora persica on Highly Saline Black Soils (ECe 45 dS m-1)
13.6.1.1 Salt Compartmentation
13.6.1.2 Na+ and Cl- Concentration and Flux
13.6.1.3 Soil Salinity Under Plantations
13.6.2 Intervention 2: Phytoremediation by Salicornia
13.6.3 Halophytes in Biosaline Agroforestry
13.6.4 Intervention 3: Cultivation of Forage Grasses
13.6.4.1 Salt Uptake and Ion Flux
13.6.4.2 Salt Compartmentation and Sodium and Potassium Budget
13.6.4.3 Salt Removal
13.6.4.4 Forage Production
13.6.4.5 Effect of Nitrogen on Growth and Forage Yield
13.6.5 Intervention 4: Cultivation of Seed Spice, Dill (Anethum graveolens), for Remediation of Moderately Saline Vertisols
13.6.6 Intervention 5: Cotton Pulse Intercropping for Moderately Saline Vertisols
13.6.7 Intervention 6: Cultivation of Salt-Tolerant Crops, Cotton and Wheat, as Ideal Interventions for Coastal Saline Vertiso...
13.6.7.1 Desi Cotton on Coastal Saline Vertisols
13.6.7.2 Wheat on Coastal Saline Vertisols
13.6.8 Intervention 7: Conjunctive Use of Saline Water with Surface Water for Crop Production-A Tool to Mitigate Salinity on S...
13.6.9 Other Interventions: Agroforestry for Coastal Saline Vertisols
13.6.10 Biomass Species for Remediation of Saline Vertisols
13.6.11 Horticultural Plants for Remediation of Saline Vertisols
13.6.12 Farming System Model: A Tool to Use Coastal Saline Vertisols
13.6.13 Biodiesel Species for Mitigating Salinity
13.6.13.1 Jatropha
13.6.13.2 Intercropping of Dill with Jatropha curcas
13.6.14 Medicinal Trees in the Bioremediation Program
13.6.14.1 Medicinal Plants as Intercrops with Woody Species
13.6.14.2 Aromatic Plants as Intercrops with Woody Species
13.7 Summary
References
14: Emerging Biotechnologies in Agriculture for Efficient Farming and Global Food Production
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Potential Benefits and Effects of GM Crops
14.3 Application of Agricultural Biotechnology
14.3.1 Genetically Modified Food
14.3.2 Biotechnological Approach for Sustainable Livestock Production
14.3.2.1 Embryonic Transfer and Superovulation
14.3.2.2 Gene Transfer and Transgenic
14.3.2.3 Gene Knockout
14.3.2.4 Gene Therapy
14.3.2.5 Somatotrophin in Milk Production
14.3.2.6 Vaccines and Diagnostics
14.3.3 Biotechnology for Gut Microorganisms
14.3.4 Use of Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture
14.4 Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture
14.5 Current and Future Trends
14.6 Strategies and Approaches of Sustainable Agriculture
14.7 Discussion
14.8 Conclusion
References
15: Role of Beneficial Microbes in Alleviating Stresses in Plants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Microbial Role in Combating Salinity and Temperature Stress
15.3 Microbial Role in Combating Drought Stresses
15.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria, Rhizobacteria, and Fungi [PGPB, PGPR, and PGPF]
15.4.1 PGPB
15.4.2 PGPR
15.4.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF)
15.4.4 Roles of PGPM in Agriculture Sustainability and Improving Soil Fertility
15.4.5 Endophytes as Source for Bioactive and Novel Compounds in Plant Health
15.4.5.1 Extracellular Enzyme Production
15.4.5.2 Biological Control Agents
15.4.5.3 ACC Deaminase and Phytohormone Production
15.4.5.4 Nitrogen Fixation
15.4.5.5 Heavy Metal and Nutrient Stress
15.5 Development of Microbial Inoculum for Small-Level Farming
15.6 Abiotic Stress Factors Concerning Forest Ecosystem and Global Economy
15.7 Future Challenges and Conclusion
References
16: Mainstreaming of Underutilized Oilseed Safflower Crop Through Biotechnological Approaches for Improving Economic and Envir...
16.1 Backdrop
16.2 Safflower: Neglected Oilseed Crop
16.2.1 General Narrative as False Saffron
16.2.2 Distribution of Species and Specific Characteristics
16.2.3 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): A Cultivated Species
16.2.4 Effect of Climatic Conditions on Growth and Development
16.2.5 Potential Relevance of Safflower Crop
16.3 The Agricultural, Environmental, Industrial, Medicinal, and Economic Importance of Safflower
16.3.1 Agricultural and Economical Aspect
16.3.2 Textile and Food Industries
16.3.3 Environment-Friendly Biofuel and Biodiesel
16.3.4 Medicinal and Pharmaceutical: Bioactive Compounds
16.3.5 Secondary Metabolites and Regulating Molecule
16.3.6 Nutritional Importance
16.4 Crop Improvement Approach: Molecular Markers and QTL Mapping
16.4.1 Molecular Markers: DNA-Based Markers
16.4.2 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping in Safflower
16.5 Application of Biotechnology and Modern Approaches for Sustainable Development: Toward Climate-Resilient Oilseed Crop
16.6 Future Thrusts
References
17: Clean Energy for Environmental Protection: An Outlook Toward Phytoremediation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Impacts
17.3 Coupled Phytoremediation and Bioenergy Production
17.3.1 Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
17.3.1.1 Phytostabilization
17.3.1.2 Phytoextraction
17.3.2 Bioenergy Plants Used for Phytoremediation
17.3.3 Bioenergy Production from Phytoremediation Biomass
17.4 Bioenergy and Environmental Safety
17.4.1 Environmental Effects of Bioenergy
17.4.2 Socioeconomic Effects of Bioenergy Production from Contaminated Lands
17.5 Bioenergy for Sustainable Development
17.6 Strategies for the Enhancement of Phytoremediation Potential of Bioenergy Plants
17.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
17.8 Conclusion
References
18: Role of Process Intensification in Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass into High-Value Chemicals
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Enzymes as Catalysts for Biomass Valorization
18.3 Process Intensification of Biomass Valorization
18.3.1 Microreactors
18.3.2 Monolithic Reactors
18.3.3 Membrane Reactors
18.3.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Biomass Valorization
18.4 Opportunities and Considerations for Commercialization
References
19: Wetland Flora of West Bengal for Phytoremediation: Physiological and Biotechnological Studies-A Review
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.2.1 Study Area
19.3 Results
19.3.1 Habit and Habitat
19.3.2 Survey and Collection
19.3.3 Identification
19.4 Phytoremediation
19.4.1 Textile Waste
19.4.1.1 Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals using Living Green Microalgae
19.4.1.2 Role of Microorganisms
19.4.2 Hyperaccumulating ``Monilophytes´´ or Ferns
19.4.3 The Hyperaccumulating Angiospermic Plants
19.4.4 Aquatic Macrophytes for Phytoremediation
19.5 Removal of Various Pollutants
19.5.1 Herbicides
19.5.2 Pesticides
19.5.3 Heavy Metals
19.5.3.1 What are Heavy Metals?
19.5.3.2 Environmentally Relevant Most Hazardous HMs and Metalloids
19.6 Combination Treatment
19.6.1 Macrophytes and Algae
19.6.2 Macrophytes and Bacteria
19.7 Eutrophication in Water Bodies and Nutrient Removal.
19.8 Genetic Engineering for Phytoremediation
19.9 Discussion
19.10 Conclusion
References
20: Vertical Cultivation: Moving Towards a Sustainable and Eco-friendly Farming
20.1 Introduction
20.2 What Is a Vertical Farm?
20.3 Historical Background of Vertical Farming
20.4 Concept and Technology Involved in Vertical Farming
20.5 The Musts in Vertical Farm
20.5.1 Factors Affecting Design of Vertical Garden
20.6 Environment and Plant Response to Vertical Garden
20.6.1 Photo-biology
20.6.2 Photomorphogenesis
20.6.3 Photosynthesis
20.6.4 Secondary Metabolites Production
20.6.5 Thermomorphogenesis
20.7 Proposed Design of Vertical Farm
20.8 Sources of Photosystem and Importance of Green Energy
20.9 Is Vertical Farm Viable?
20.9.1 Why Vertical Farming Must Be Adopted?
20.9.1.1 Climate Change
20.9.1.2 Ecosystem Sustainability
20.9.1.3 Food Security
20.9.1.4 Health
20.9.1.5 Urban Density and Food Production System
20.9.1.6 Efficiency and Economics
20.9.2 Benefits of Adopting Vertical Farming
20.9.3 Demerits in Vertical Farming
20.10 Insect and Pest Concern Under Vertical Farm
20.11 Recent Advancement
20.12 Conclusion
References
21: Climate Change and its Effects on Global Food Production
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Agriculture
21.2.1 Temperature, Water, and CO2
21.2.2 Ground Level Ozone
21.2.3 Pests
21.2.4 Pollinators
21.2.5 Nutrient Losses
21.2.6 Agricultural Labor
21.3 Animal Husbandry
21.3.1 Water
21.3.2 Livestock Diseases
21.3.3 Heat Stress
21.3.4 Quantity and Quality of Feeds
21.4 Fisheries
21.4.1 Rise in Sea Temperature
21.4.2 Ocean Acidification
21.4.3 Nutrient Quality
21.5 Effects on Food Security and Nutrition
21.5.1 Conflicts
21.5.2 Price Hike of Staple Foods
21.5.3 GDP Growth
21.5.4 Food Consumption and Disease
21.5.5 Volatility
21.6 Conclusion
References
22: Genetically Modified Crops to Combat Climate Change and Environment Protection: Current Status and Future Perspectives
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Genetically Modified Plants
22.2.1 Merits of Genetically Modified Plants
22.2.1.1 Agronomic and Economic Benefits
22.2.1.2 Nutritionally Improved Transgenic Crops
22.2.1.3 Modification in Fatty Acid Content
22.2.1.4 Reduction in Antinutritional Factor and Resistance to Biotic Stress
22.2.1.5 Enhancement in Shelf Life of Vegetables and Fruits
22.2.1.6 Disease-resistant Transgenic Crops
22.2.1.7 Abiotic Stress-tolerant Transgenic Crops
22.2.1.8 Development of Colored Flowers
22.2.1.9 Herbicide-resistant Transgenic Crops
22.2.1.10 Insect-resistant Transgenic Crops
22.2.1.11 Reduction in Pesticide Poisoning
22.2.1.12 Development of Therapeutic Products
22.2.1.13 Lowering of Cancer Cases
22.2.1.14 Reduction in Mental Stress
22.2.1.15 Less Cases of Farmers Suicide
22.2.2 Concerns Associated with the Genetically Modified Crops
22.2.2.1 Transfer of Gene in Nontransgenic Plants
22.2.2.2 Adverse Effect on Health
22.2.2.3 Impact on Soil Texture
22.2.2.4 Effect on Biodiversity
22.2.2.5 Adverse Impact on Nontarget Organisms
22.2.2.6 Cost for Commercialization
22.2.2.7 Role of Multinational Companies
22.2.3 Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms in India
22.2.4 Conclusion
References
23: Efficacy of Algae in the Bioremediation of Pollutants during Wastewater Treatment: Future Prospects and Challenges
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Algae
23.2.1 Algal Bioremediation
23.2.2 Advantages of Using Algae
23.2.3 Factors Affecting Algal Growth and Nutrient Removal
23.2.4 Algae for Wastewater Treatment
23.2.5 Phycoremediation
23.2.6 Algae and Wastewater Treatment
23.2.6.1 Removal of Coliform Bacteria
23.2.6.2 Reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand
23.2.6.3 Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
23.2.6.4 Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
23.2.6.5 Removal of Personal Care Products and Pharmaceuticals from the Wastewater
23.2.7 Algae/Bacteria Interactions for the Wastewater Treatment
23.3 Phycoremediation of Different Wastewaters
23.3.1 Municipal and Animal Husbandry Wastewater
23.3.2 Industrial Wastewater
23.4 Use of Algae Biomass for Bioproducts
23.4.1 The Third-Generation Biofuel
23.5 Future Prospects and Challenges
References
24: The Use of Biopesticides for Sustainable Farming: Way Forward toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Sustainable Agriculture Methods
24.2.1 Genetic Engineering and IPM
24.2.2 Organic Agroecological Research for Sustainable Pest Management
24.2.2.1 Rhizosphere-Associated Microbiome
24.2.2.2 Trans-Generational Defense Priming
24.2.2.3 Plant Breeding for Indirect Resistance
24.2.2.4 Quantitative Resistance
24.2.2.5 Genetically Diverse Cultivars
24.2.2.6 Interactions Between Modes of Defense
24.3 Promising Plant Species as Botanicals
24.3.1 Types of Botanical Insecticides
24.3.2 Essential Oil: Potential New Botanicals for Insect Pest Control
24.3.3 Commercialized Botanical Pesticides in Agricultural Pest Management
24.3.3.1 Neem-Based Insecticides
24.3.3.2 Rotenone
24.3.3.3 Pyrethrum
24.3.3.4 Sabadilla
24.3.3.5 Avermectins
24.3.3.6 Spinosads
24.3.3.7 (Z) Asarone
24.4 Challenges to the Utilization of Botanical Pesticides
24.5 Microbes as Bioinsecticides
24.6 Types of Microbial Insecticides
24.6.1 Entomopathogenic Fungi
24.6.2 Viral Pesticides
24.6.3 Protozoa
24.6.4 Microbial Semiochemicals
24.7 Combining Microbial-Based Biopesticides with Nanotechnologies
References
Part III: Environmental Safety, Health and Risk Assessments
25: Endocrine Disruptor Compounds: Human Health and Diseases
25.1 Introduction
25.2 EDCs Sources in the Environment
25.3 Endocrine-Related Health Disorders
25.3.1 Obesity
25.3.2 Diabetes
25.3.3 Hypertension
25.3.4 Lung Disease
25.3.5 Neurodegenerative Disorder
25.3.6 Cancer
25.3.7 Role of EDCs on Male and Female Reproduction
25.4 Conclusion
References
26: Monitoring of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Using Biological Assays
26.1 Introduction
26.1.1 Saxitoxin (PSTs)
26.1.1.1 Reservoir
26.1.2 Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Biotransformation of the Cyanotoxins
26.1.3 Bioindicator and Biomonitor
26.1.4 Biomarkers
26.1.4.1 Biochemical Biomarkers
26.1.4.2 Genetics Biomarkers
26.2 Biomonitoring: Since Field Assessment to Bioassay
26.2.1 New Perspective to Monitoring PSPs: In Vitro Bioassay
26.2.1.1 Evaluating PSP Effects by In Vitro Bioassay
26.2.2 Advantage and Disadvantage of In Vivo Versus In Vitro Studies
References
27: Bioinformatics Toward Improving Bioremediation
27.1 Background
27.2 Introduction
27.2.1 Introduction to Bioinformatics
27.2.2 Integrating Bioinformatics with Bioremediation
27.3 Bioinformatics in Improving Bioremediation
27.3.1 Prediction of Degradation Pathways
27.3.1.1 PathPred
Usage
27.3.1.2 BNICE
Usage
27.3.1.3 DESHARKY
Usage
27.3.1.4 FMM
Usage
27.3.1.5 RetroPath
Usage
27.3.1.6 Metabolic Tinker
27.3.1.7 Carbon Search
27.3.1.8 The Furusawa Platform
Usage
27.3.2 Omic-Based Approaches
27.3.2.1 Proteomics
Applications of Proteomics in Bioremediation
27.3.2.2 Genomics and Metagenomics
Applications of Metagenomics
27.3.2.3 Transcriptomics
Applications of Transcriptomics
27.3.2.4 Metabolomics
Applications of Metabolomics
27.3.3 Prediction of Chemical Toxicity
27.3.4 Databases
27.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
28: Role of Environmental Factors in Increased Cancer Incidences and Health Impacts
28.1 Global Burden of Cancers
28.2 Impact of Cancer
28.3 Etiology of Cancer
28.4 Confirmed Carcinogens
28.4.1 Diet-Related Factors
28.4.1.1 Salted Fish: Chinese-Styled
28.4.1.2 Processed Meat
28.4.2 Tobacco
28.4.2.1 Smoked Tobacco
28.4.2.2 Secondhand Smoke (SHS)
28.4.2.3 Smokeless Tobacco
28.4.3 Betel Quid and Areca Nut
28.4.4 Alcohol
28.4.5 Outdoor Air Pollution
28.4.6 Coal Combustion Indoor
28.4.7 Biological Agents
28.4.7.1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
28.4.7.2 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
28.4.7.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1
28.4.7.4 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
28.4.7.5 Hepatitis C
28.4.7.6 Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
28.4.7.7 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)
28.4.7.8 Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) and Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis)
28.4.7.9 Schistosoma Hematobium
28.4.7.10 Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV)
28.4.8 Radiation
28.4.8.1 X-Ray and Gamma Radiation
28.4.8.2 Solar Radiation and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR)
28.4.9 Toxins: Aflatoxins
28.4.10 Hormones and Chemotherapeutic Agents
28.4.10.1 Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs)
28.4.10.2 Estrogen Menopausal Therapy (EMT)
28.4.10.3 Estrogen-Progestogen Menopausal Therapy
28.4.11 Dusts and Fibers
28.4.11.1 Asbestos (All Forms)
28.4.11.2 Silica Dust
28.4.12 Metals
28.4.12.1 Arsenic
28.4.12.2 Chromium
28.4.13 Occupational Exposures
28.4.13.1 Painting
28.4.13.2 Welding
28.4.14 Chemicals
28.4.14.1 Benzene
28.4.14.2 Formaldehyde
28.4.14.3 Vinyl Chloride
28.4.14.4 Sulfur Mustard
28.4.14.5 Trichloroethylene
28.4.14.6 Ethylene Oxide
28.4.14.7 1,3 Butadiene
28.4.14.8 Benzo[a]pyrene and Other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
28.4.14.9 Mineral Oils, Untreated or Mildly Treated
28.4.14.10 Fluoro-Edenite
28.4.14.11 Shale Oils
28.4.14.12 Engine Exhaust: Diesel
28.4.14.13 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-Para-Dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachloro-Dibenzofuran (PeCDF) and 3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlo...
28.5 Prevention Measures for Cancers
28.5.1 Primary Prevention
28.5.2 Secondary Prevention
28.5.3 Tertiary Prevention
References
29: Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE): An Emerging Nexus Between Environment and Human Health
29.1 Environment and Health
29.2 Wastewater: An Introduction
29.3 Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE): An Introduction
29.4 Antimicrobial Resistance
29.5 ESKAPE Pathogens: An Introduction
29.6 Molecular Tools for Integrated Monitoring of Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Wastewater
29.7 Current Status of Drug-Resistant ESKAPE Pathogens and WBE Prediction Technology
29.7.1 International Status
29.7.2 India National Status
Bibliography
30: Fundamentals of SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Wastewater for Early Epidemic Prediction and Key Learnings on Treatment Processes ...
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Shedding of Virus and Wastewater Surveillance
30.3 Epidemiological Modeling
30.4 Wastewater Treatment for Virus Removal
30.4.1 Membranes´ Use in Wastewater Treatment for Virus Removal
30.4.1.1 Reverse Osmosis
30.4.1.2 Ultrafiltration
30.4.1.3 Membrane Bioreactor
30.4.1.4 Role of Biofilm in Treatment
30.5 Viruses Within Biofilms
30.6 Effectiveness of Wastewater Treatment Plants for Degrading Viruses
30.7 New Learnings and Experiences from Our Studies (Arora et al. 2020, 2021)
30.8 Conclusions
References
31: COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines
31.1 Introduction
31.2 COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2
31.3 Vaccine Types for COVID-19
31.4 mRNA Vaccines
31.4.1 Making of mRNA Vaccine
31.4.1.1 Engineering of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein mRNA Fragment
31.4.1.2 Ingredients of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines
31.4.1.3 Delivery of mRNA with Lipid Nanoparticles
31.4.1.4 mRNA Vaccine Storage
31.5 Efficacy and Effect of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines Against Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Strains
31.5.1 In the UK (First Country to Use Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine)
31.5.2 In the USA (Second Country to Use Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine)
31.5.3 In Israel (the Most Vaccinated Country)
31.5.4 In Spain
31.5.5 Other Results
31.6 How Long Do Pfizer-BioNTech and Modern mRNA Vaccines Provide Protection?
31.6.1 Types of Neutralizing Antibodies (nAb)
31.6.2 Longevity of Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Antibodies (nAb)
31.6.3 Vaccine Breakthrough Infection
31.6.4 Should COVID-19 Survivors Take COVID-19 Vaccine?
31.6.5 Which mRNA Vaccine Can Elicit Stronger Immune Response?
31.7 SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Surveillance
31.7.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants
31.7.2 Genomic Surveillance
31.8 Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines vs. SARS-CoV-2 VOCs
31.8.1 Against B.1.1.7 (First Identified in the UK)
31.8.2 Against B.1.351 (First Identified in South Africa)
31.8.3 Against P1 (First Identified in Brazil)
31.8.4 Against B.1.617.2 (First Identified in India)
31.8.5 Against B.1.526 (First Identified in New York)
31.8.6 Against B.1.429 (First Identified in California)
31.9 Do COVID-19 Vaccines Block Virus Spread?
31.10 The Safety of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines
31.10.1 Common and Rare Side Effects of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines
31.11 Conclusion and Final Remarks
References
32: CRISPR-Cas Technology: A Genome-Editing Powerhouse for Molecular Plant Breeding
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Principle Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas System, Cas9 Variants and Cas9 Orthologs
32.2.1 Classification of CRISPR-Cas System
32.2.1.1 Mechanism of Class 2 Type-II CRISPR-Cas System
Acquisition (or Adaptation)
Expression and Interference
32.2.2 Cas9 Variants
32.2.3 Cas9 Orthologs
32.2.4 Other Class 2 CRISPR-Cas Systems
32.2.5 CRISPR-Cas Systems with the Smallest Cas Enzymes
32.3 Application of Bacterial CRISPR-Cas System for Eukaryotic Genome Manipulation
32.4 Favorite CRISPR Systems Used for Genome Editing in Plants
32.4.1 CRISPR Vectors and Promoters of Cas9 and sgRNA for Plant Cell Expression
32.4.2 Delivery Systems
32.4.2.1 Delivery Tools
32.4.2.2 Format of CRISPR Components for Delivery into Plant Cells
32.5 Utility of CRISPR-Cas Systems for Precise Molecular Plant Breeding
32.5.1 Rapid Production of Desired Homozygous Mutation Lines for Gene Function Study
32.5.1.1 Produce Homozygous Mutant Lines with Less Chimera
32.5.1.2 Produce Transgene-Free Homozygous Mutant Lines
32.5.2 Multiplex Editing to Modify Multiple Alleles at Multiple Genomic Loci
32.5.3 For Removal of Entire Chromosome, Gene, or Short DNA Fragment
32.5.4 Utility of CRISPR System to Reverse Gene Silencing
32.5.5 For Allele Repair or Replacement Through HDR-Mediated Gene Targeting
32.5.6 Utility of CRISPR System for Gene Stacking at the Same Locus
32.5.7 For Single-Base Editing
32.5.8 CRISPR-Based Diagnostic Tool for Rapid Detection of Viral Infections, GMO and DNA Quantification
32.5.9 For Rapid Creation of Novel Genetic Diversity and Variation for Plant Breeding Stock
32.5.10 Combined Use of CRISPR and Microspore Technology for Double Haploid (DH) Breeding
32.5.11 Utility of CRISPR System to Generate Male Sterility Lines to Facilitate Hybrid Breeding
32.5.12 Utility of CRISPR System to Produce `Clonal Seeds´ from Hybrid Plants
32.5.13 Utility of CRISPR System to Generate Apomixis Plants
32.5.14 For Rapid Breeding of Parthenocarpic Crops
32.5.15 For Rapid Breeding of Gynoecious Crops from Monoecy
32.5.16 To Enhance Crop Production
32.5.17 For Studying and Improving Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
32.5.18 For Breeding New Crop Varieties to Adapt to New Regions
32.5.19 Using CRISPR-based `Gene-Drives´ or `Allelic-Drives´ for Agricultural Pest Control or Augmentation of Favorable Allele...
32.5.20 Utility of CRISPR System for Changing Fruit Ripening Time, Metabolic Pathway Engineering and Plant Architecture Study ...
32.5.21 Utility of CRISPR Systems in Tolerating Plant Biotic Stress
32.5.21.1 For Fungus Resistance
For Bacterial Resistance
32.5.21.2 For Virus Resistance
32.5.21.3 Some Concerns of Using Genome-editing Tools for Generating Disease Resistance in Plants
Could Generate Unwanted Virus Resistance
The Pleiotropic Effect and the Trade-offs of Resistance
32.5.22 Utility of CRISPR Systems in Tolerating Plant Abiotic Stress
32.5.22.1 Drought Tolerance
32.5.22.2 Salinity Tolerance
32.5.22.3 Cold Tolerance
32.5.23 Utility of CRISPR Systems for Food Safety
32.5.24 Utility of CRISPR System for Crop De Novo Domestication
32.6 CRISPR-Based Novel Tools (Beyond Genome-editing)
32.6.1 CRISPR-Based Imaging Tools
32.6.2 Regulatory Switch for Gene Transcription
32.7 Concerns of Using CRISPR Technology
32.8 Regulation of CRISPR-Edited Crops
32.9 Concluding Remarks
References
33: Recent Reductive Transformation from Lignin Derivatives to Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Conventional and Recent Reduction of Lignin Derivates
33.2.1 Hydrogenation of Lignin
33.2.1.1 Hydrogenation Using Heterogeneous Catalyst
33.2.1.2 Homogeneous Hydrogenation
33.2.2 Electron Transfer Reduction
33.2.2.1 Reduction by Metals
33.2.2.2 Reduction by Electrochemical Method
33.3 Hybrid Reduction by Simultaneous Electron Transfer Reduction and Hydrogenation
33.3.1 Hybrid Reduction
33.3.2 Reduction of Lignophenol by Calcium-Catalytic Reduction
33.4 Conclusion
References
34: Understanding the Environment and Sustainability with Molecular Approaches
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Genomic DNA Isolation
34.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction
34.3.1 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
34.3.2 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
34.4 Genotyping
34.5 RFLP and Restriction Mapping
34.5.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
34.5.2 Identification by Nucleic Acid Hybridization and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
34.5.3 Expression Analysis by Reverse Transcriptase PCR and the Quantitative PCR
34.6 Gel Electrophoresis: Agarose Gel and SDS-PAGE
34.6.1 Separating DNA Fragments
34.6.2 Separating RNA and Proteins
34.7 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
34.8 2D Gel Electrophoresis
34.9 The Omics Approach
34.10 Some Examples of Successful Applications of the Molecular Approaches
34.10.1 Monitoring Bioremediation in Soil Microcosms Using Molecular Tools
34.10.2 Bioremediation Effect of Plants and Earthworms on Contaminated Marine Sediments
34.10.3 Asbestos Bioremediation by Microcosm Approach
34.10.4 Toxicity of Ag+ on Trifolium pratense L. Seedlings with Special Reference to Phytoremediation
34.10.5 Heavy Metal Accumulation Among Metallicolous and Non-Metallicolous Facultative Metallophyte Biscutella laevigata Subsp...
34.10.6 Study of Subcellular Proteome-Wide Alterations of the Degradative System of Penicillium oxalicum
34.10.7 Microbial Diversity and Functional Profiling of Solid Tannery Waste
34.10.8 Bacterial and Fungal Diversity and Their Bioremediation Potential from Sediments of River Ganga and Yamuna in India
34.11 Conclusions
References
35: Bxb1-att Site-Specific Recombination System-Mediated Autoexcision to Prevent Environmental Transgene Escape
35.1 Introduction
35.2 The Site-Specific Recombination (SSR) Systems
35.2.1 The Basics of SSR Systems
35.2.2 Uni- Vs. Bidirectional SSR Systems
35.2.3 Unidirectional Bxb1-att SSR Systems
35.2.4 SSR Systems Used for Plant Research
35.2.5 Other Applications of SSR Technology
35.3 Autoexcision of SMG from Potential Energy Crop
35.3.1 Autoexcision Mechanism
35.3.2 Case Study: Bxb1-att-Mediated Autoexcision in Tobacco Plants
35.3.2.1 Materials and Methods
Construction of Binary Vectors pRB140-Bxb1-op and Agrobacterium Strain
35.3.2.2 Plant Materials and Tissue Culture Conditions
35.3.2.3 Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Tobacco
35.3.2.4 Kanamycin Selection of T1 and T2 Seedlings
35.3.2.5 Histochemical GUS Assay
35.3.2.6 Genomic DNA Isolation
35.3.2.7 PCR Analysis
35.3.2.8 Gel Extraction and Sequencing
35.3.3 Results
35.3.3.1 T0 Putative Transgenic Lines and GUS Staining
35.3.3.2 GUS Staining on T1 Seeds
35.3.3.3 PCR Analysis for Autoexcision Events in T1 Seeds
35.3.3.4 Autoexcision Evaluation for T1 Seedlings
35.3.3.5 Autoexcision Assay for T2 Seedlings
35.3.3.6 Sequencing Analysis for Autoexcision Events
35.3.4 Discussion
35.3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
36: Microorganisms: An Eco-Friendly Tools for the Waste Management and Environmental Safety
36.1 Introduction
36.2 The Role of Microorganisms for a Sustainable Eco-Friendly Environment
36.2.1 The Role of Microorganisms as Biofertilizers
36.2.2 Heavy Metal Removal
36.2.3 Oil Spill Bioremediation
36.2.4 Microbes and Natural Farming
36.2.5 Microorganisms and Biocomposting
36.3 Microbes as Vital Additive for Solid Waste Management
36.4 Management of Domestic Waste
36.4.1 Methods of Management
36.4.1.1 Sanitary Landfills
36.4.1.2 Composting
36.4.1.3 Vermicomposting
36.4.1.4 Biomethanation
36.4.1.5 Incineration
36.4.1.6 Fuel Pelletization
36.4.1.7 Recycling
36.4.1.8 Farmyard Manure
Composition of FYM
Factors Affecting the Quality and Composition of FYM
Preparation Methods of FYM
How to Apply FYM in the Field
Microorganisms Which Decompose the FYM
36.5 Bioremediation
36.6 Wastewater Treatment
36.7 Aerobic Treatment of Wastewater
36.7.1 Types of Aerobic Treatment Systems
36.7.1.1 Fixed Film Systems
36.7.1.2 Continuous Flow Suspended Growth Aerobic Systems (CFSGAS)
36.7.1.3 Retrofit or Portable Aerobic Systems
36.7.1.4 Composting Toilets
36.8 Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
36.8.1 Anaerobic Degradation of Organic Polymers
36.8.2 Anaerobic Reactor Types
36.8.2.1 Completely Mixed Anaerobic Digester
36.8.2.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB Reactor)
36.8.2.3 Anaerobic Fluidized Bed (AFB) and Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactors (EGSB)
36.8.2.4 Anaerobic Filters (AF)
36.9 Environment Safety for Health Hazards from Industrial Wastewater
36.10 Factor Affecting Waste Management
36.11 Future Challenges
References
37: Biochemical Effect of Nanoparticle-Treated Plant Extract on Water-Borne Pathogen: A Way Toward Future Technique for Water ...
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Methodology
37.2.1 Characterization of Synthesized Nanoparticles
37.2.2 Nanoparticle Treatment to Plants
37.2.3 Isolation of Bacterial Species from Water Samples
37.2.4 Characterization of Bacterial Species
37.2.5 Assessment of the Defensive Nature of Bacteria Against Various Nanoparticles
37.2.6 Method 1: Bacterial Growth in the Presence of Nanoparticles
37.2.7 Method 2: Bacterial Kinetics in the Presence of Nanoparticle in Suspension Medium
37.2.8 Test the Nanoparticles in Agar Medium
37.2.9 Preparation of Extracts from Treated Plants
37.2.10 Antimicrobial Activity of B. juncea Treated with Nanoparticles
37.3 Result and Discussion
37.3.1 Characterization of Nanoparticles
37.3.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Water-Borne Pathogen
37.3.3 Confirmation of Nanoparticle Uptake
37.3.4 Antibacterial Effect of Nanoparticle-Treated B. juncea Plant Extract
37.4 Conclusion
References
38: Modern Waste Management
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Recycling, Selective Collection, and Life Cycle Assessment
38.3 Mathematical Models
38.4 Waste Management Systems and the Zero Waste Target
38.5 Smart Waste Management and Smart Cities: Internet of Things
38.5.1 Singapore
38.5.2 Barcelona
38.5.3 Seattle
38.5.4 Seoul
38.5.5 Toronto
38.6 Waste Management System in the COVID-19 Pandemic
38.7 Conclusions
References
39: Health Aspects of Indoor Environmental Quality
39.1 Introduction
39.1.1 The Need for Good Indoor Environmental Quality
39.2 Parameters Affecting Indoor Environmental Quality
39.2.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
39.2.1.1 Present Status in India
39.2.1.2 Factors Determining Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants
39.2.2 Thermal Comfort
39.2.3 Relative Humidity
39.2.4 Lighting Conditions
39.2.5 Noise Intensity
39.2.6 Volatile Organic Compound
39.2.7 Ventilation and Carbon Dioxide Levels
39.2.8 Odor
39.3 Prevention Strategies
References
40: Innovation Elements in the Sustainable Production of Indigenous Coffee in the Amazon
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Theoretical Background
40.2.1 Contextualization of the Concepts of Innovation
40.2.2 Description of the Environment of Sustainable Development and Sustainability with Sustainable Production
40.3 Methodology
40.3.1 Case Selection: Research Subjects
40.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis
40.3.3 Area of Study
40.4 Results and Discussion
40.4.1 Characterization of Coffee Growing in the Indigenous Land Sete de Setembro
40.4.2 Identification of the Main Factors of Sustainable Production
40.4.3 Description of the Innovation Framework for Sustainable Development in the Indigenous Land Sete de Setembro
40.4.3.1 Social Dimension Analysis
40.4.3.2 Analysis of the Economic Dimension
40.4.3.3 Environmental Dimension Analysis
40.5 Conclusions
References
Appendix