Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Bioreactors for Biomass Conversion – Solid-State Fermentation, Slurry Reactors, Airlift Reactors
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Process Type
1.1.2 Fermentation
1.1.3 Hydrolysis
1.1.4 Anaerobic Digestion
1.1.5 Reactor Types
1.1.5.1 Solid-State Fermentation
1.1.5.2 Slurry Reactor
1.1.5.3 Airlift Reactor
1.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Immobilised Enzyme Technologies for the Removal of Water Pollutants and Toxic Contaminants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Utilisation of Immobilised Enzyme Technology for Bioremediations
2.3 Immobilised Enzyme Technologies for Dyes and Phenolic Compounds Removal
2.4 Immobilised Enzyme Technologies for Pharmaceutical By-Products Removal
2.5 Critical Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Immobilised
Enzymes and Their Challenges.
2.5.1 Support Materials
2.5.2 Operating Parameters
2.6 Three Core Values in Advancing Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management
2.7 Advancement of Immobilised Enzymes and Future Prospect in Wastewater Management
2.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 3 Value-Added Products from Microalgae
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Algal Feedstock
3.3 Biodiesel
3.4 Bio-oil
3.5 Biogas
3.6 Pretreatments
3.7 Factors Affecting the Biomass Conversion
3.8 Value-Added Products
3.8.1 Pharmaceutical
3.8.2 Antimicrobials, Antivirals, and Antifungals
3.8.3 Neuroprotective Products
3.8.4 Food Technology
3.8.5 Specialty Chemicals
3.8.6 Biopolymers
3.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Cleanup of Marine Oil Spills through Bioremediation Method
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources of Oil Spills Occur in Malaysia
4.2.1 Oil Spills in Malaysia and Global
4.2.2 Remediation Method to Curb Oil Spills
4.2.2.1 Physical Remediation Method
4.2.2.2 Chemical Remediation Method
4.2.2.3 Thermal Remediation Method
4.2.2.4 Biological Remediation Method
4.2.3 Analytical Bioremediation Method to Oil Spill
4.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Bioreactor Scale-Up Strategies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Factors Affecting Bioreactor Scale-Up
5.2.1 Physical Factors
5.2.2 Chemical Factors
5.2.3 Biological Parameters
5.2.4 Process Parameters
5.3 Bioreactor Scale-Up Strategies
5.3.1 Continuously Stirred Tank Bioreactors
5.3.2 Bubble Column Bioreactor
5.3.3 Airlift Bioreactors
5.3.4 Fluidized Bed Bioreactors
5.3.5 Packed Bed Bioreactor
5.3.6 Photobioreactors
5.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Biotechnological Advancements in the Treatment of Plastic Wastes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Impact of Plastic Wastes Accumulation
6.3 Factors Affecting Degradation Rate of Plastics
6.3.1 Environmental Factors
6.3.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Plastics
6.4 Microbial Plastic Degradation
6.5 Alternative Approaches
6.5.1 Genetically Engineered Plastic-Eating Bacteria
6.5.2 Effective Enzyme Tools Technology
6.5.3 Plastic Substitute Materials
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 7 Production of Biopolymer from Waste Materials as the Suitable Alternative for Plastics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biopolymers
7.3 Waste Materials for Biopolymer Production
7.3.1 Lipid and Oil Wastes
7.3.2 Milk Waste
7.3.3 Sugarcane Molasses
7.3.4 Agricultural and Fruit Waste
7.3.5 Spent Coffee Waste
7.3.6 Biodiesel Production Waste (Glycerol)
7.4 Fermentation Process and Optimization of Process Parameters for Biopolymer Production
7.4.1 Fermentation Process
7.4.2 Optimization of Process Parameters
7.4.2.1 Carbon Source and Carbon-Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio
7.4.2.2 Temperature
7.4.2.3 pH
7.4.2.4 Substrate Concentration
7.4.2.5 Microbial Load
7.4.2.6 Agitation and Dissolved Oxygen
7.4.2.7 Feedstock Composition
7.5 Limitations and Future Aspects for Biopolymer Production
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Microbial Pigments Production Using Agricultural Biomass Residues
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microbial Pigments Criteria and Its Applications
8.3 Types of Agro/Food Waste
8.3.1 Dairy Industry Waste
8.3.2 Fruit and Vegetable Waste
8.3.3 Agro Industrial Residue
8.4 Pre-treatment
8.5 Fermentation Process in the Development of Microbial Pigments
8.6 Genetic Engineering-Based Strain Improvements for Enhancing Pigment Production
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Nanotechnology-Associated Bioremediation for the Elimination of Emerging Contaminants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Contaminants in Wastewater
9.3 Basic Wastewater Treatment Process
9.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Wastewater
9.5 Adsorption
9.5.1 Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents for Adsorption
9.5.2 Metal-Supported Nanoadsorbent
9.6 Membrane Methods
9.6.1 Nanocomposite Membranes
9.6.2 Nanofiber Membrane
9.6.3 Bio-inspired Membranes
9.7 Decontamination and Microbial Control
9.8 Photocatalysis
9.8.1 Types of Catalysts Used in Photocatalysis Process
9.9 Nanotechnology-Assisted Bioremediation
9.9.1 Nanobioremediation for Treatment of Polluted Soil
9.9.2 Nanobioremediation for Treatment of Waste Water
9.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Phytoremediation Potential of Some Bioenergy Crops – A Review
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Heavy Metal Remediation Processes
10.2.1 Physical and Chemical Method
10.2.2 Biological Methods
10.2.2.1 Phytoremediation
10.3 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils by Bioenergy Crops
10.3.1 Potential of Bioenergy Crops
10.3.2 Types of Bioenergy Crops
10.3.3 Biomass Producing Efficiency of Bioenergy Crops during Metal
Remediation
10.3.4 Metal Removal/Stabilization/Accumulation Efficiency of
Bioenergy Crops
10.3.5 Strategies to Increase Phytoremediation Potential of Bioenergy Crops – Enhanced Phytoremediation
10.3.5.1 Chemical-Assisted Phytoremediation with Bioenergy Crops: Organic or Inorganic Amendments
10.3.5.2 Microbial-Assisted HM Phytoremediation with Bioenergy Crops
10.3.5.3 Genetic Engineering of Bioenergy Crops to Enhance HM Phytoremediation
10.3.6 Energy Production from Utilized Bioenergy Crops
10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 11 Sustainable Approach for the Extraction of Precious Metals from Electronic Waste Materials
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Estimation Methods of Electronic Waste (E-waste)
11.3 Sustainable Biotechnological Approach for E-waste Recycling
11.4 Bioleaching: A Microbial Process of Metal Recovery
11.5 Factors Affecting the Recycling Process
11.6 Challenges and Perspectives of E-waste Management
11.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 12 Conversion of Organic Waste to Economically Valuable Products: Recent Advancements with Challenges
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Waste Generate and Its Composition
12.3 Recycling Options of Organic Wastes
12.3.1 Preparation of Food and Feed from Organic Waste
12.3.2 Preparation of Biopolymers
12.3.3 Collection of Fiber
12.3.4 Development of Biocomposite
12.3.5 Composting
12.3.5.1 Composting Process
12.3.5.2 Factors Affecting the Composting Process
12.3.5.3 Composting Systems or Methods
12.3.5.4 Composting Technologies
12.3.5.5 Advances in Organic Waste Composting
12.3.6 Bioenergy Generation and Biochar Production
12.3.7 Valorization and Bioethanol Production from Waste
12.3.8 Biogas Generation and Bio-Slurry Production
12.3.8.1 Factors Affecting Anaerobic Digestion Process
12.3.8.2 Anaerobic Digestion Technologies
12.3.8.3 Co-digestion
12.3.8.4 Pretreatment
12.3.8.5 Biogas Production Potential and Biomethane Production
12.3.9 Solid-State Fermentation
12.3.10 Nutrient Harvesting through Combined Pyrolysis and Composting Techniques
12.4 Challenges of Waste Recycling
12.4.1 Waste Sorting
12.4.2 Technologies
References
Index