Due to increasing problems occurring from massive applications of pesticides, such as insect resistance to pesticides, the use of biotechnological tools to minimize losses from insect pests has become inevitable. Presenting alternative strategies for alleviating biotic stresses, Biotechnological Approaches for Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability explores how the modern tools of biotechnology can be used in pest management for sustainable crop production, the biosafety of transgenic crops, and environmental conservation. This comprehensive work covers a gamut of issues ranging from host plant resistance to insect pests to the application of molecular approaches for pest management. It discusses phenotyping transgenic plants, mapping populations for insect resistance, physico-chemical and molecular markers associated with insect resistance, the potential of insect-resistant transgenic crops for pest management, and the use of biotechnological tools for diagnosing insects and monitoring insect resistance to insecticides. The author examines how genetic engineering can be used to produce robust natural enemies and more virulent strains of entomopathogenic microbes. He also studies issues related to gene flow, resistance to transgenes and selection markers, the biosafety of food derived from genetically engineered plants, and the potential application of molecular tools for solving some of the intricate pest problems in the future. Focusing on how to make the development and deployment of biotechnology-derived products for pest management safe and cost-effective, this book will enable readers to make informed decisions on genetically engineered organisms for pest management and sustainable crop production.
Author(s): Hari C. Sharma
Edition: 1
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 546
Cover Page......Page 1
Title: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY......Page 3
ISBN 9781560221630......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
Introduction......Page 21
Pest-Associated Crop Losses and the Need for Pest Management......Page 22
What Is Available in the Basket and What Can We Do?......Page 23
Biological Control......Page 24
Predators......Page 25
Baculoviruses......Page 26
Entomopathogenic Nematodes......Page 27
Nutrient Management......Page 28
Chemical Control......Page 29
Development of Resistance to Insecticides and Strategies for Resistance Management......Page 30
Contamination of Soil and Water......Page 32
Host Plant Resistance......Page 33
Mating Disruption and Mass Trapping......Page 34
Population Prediction Models and Early Warning Systems......Page 35
Is Genetic Engineering of Plants and Biocontrol Agents an Answer?......Page 36
Conclusions......Page 37
References......Page 38
Introduction......Page 43
The Genomics Revolution......Page 44
Marker-Assisted Selection......Page 45
Metabolic Pathways......Page 47
Genetic Transformation......Page 48
Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses......Page 49
Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency, Crop Growth, and Yield......Page 50
Improved Nutrition......Page 51
Production of Antibodies......Page 52
Genetic Improvement of Natural Enemies......Page 53
Exploitation of Male-Sterility and Apomixis......Page 54
References......Page 55
Introduction......Page 61
Use of Hot-Spot Locations......Page 62
Planting Infester Rows......Page 64
Grouping the Material According to Maturity and Height......Page 65
Augmentation of Insect Populations......Page 66
Mass Rearing......Page 67
Infestation Techniques......Page 68
Caging the Plants with Insects......Page 71
Greenhouse Screening......Page 72
Use of Excised Plant Parts......Page 74
Detached Leaf Assay......Page 75
Oviposition Nonpreference......Page 78
Diet Impregnation Assay to Assess Antibiosis......Page 79
Bioassay of Transgenic Plants for Resistance to Insects......Page 80
Measurement of Host Plant Resistance to Insects......Page 82
Indirect Feeding Injury......Page 83
Sampling Insect Populations......Page 84
Consumption and Utilization of Food......Page 88
Measurements of Insect Behavior......Page 89
Loss in Grain Yield......Page 90
Fernandez Stress Tolerance Index......Page 91
References......Page 92
Introduction......Page 103
Identification and Utilization of Resistance......Page 105
Wild Relatives of Crops as Sources of Resistance to Insects......Page 107
Inducible Resistance......Page 109
Temperature......Page 111
Influence of HPR on Pest Population Dynamics and Economic Injury Levels......Page 112
HPR as a Principal Method of Insect Control......Page 114
HPR and Biological Control......Page 118
Tritrophic Interactions......Page 119
Compatibility of Plant Resistance and Biological Control......Page 120
Incompatibility of Plant Resistance and Biological Control......Page 121
HPR and Cultural Control......Page 122
Genetic Diversity......Page 123
Nutrient Application and Plant Resistance......Page 124
Interaction between Antixenotic Mechanism of Resistance and Chemical Control......Page 125
Moderate Levels of Plant Resistance and Chemical Control......Page 126
Advantages of HPR......Page 129
Limitations of HPR......Page 130
Conclusions......Page 132
References......Page 133
Introduction......Page 145
Antixenosis......Page 146
Antibiosis......Page 147
Tolerance......Page 149
Recurrent Selection......Page 151
Backcross Breeding......Page 152
Oligogenic Resistance......Page 153
Cytoplasmic Effects......Page 154
Rice......Page 155
Wheat and Barley......Page 156
Maize......Page 157
Cotton......Page 158
Grain Legumes......Page 159
Vegetables......Page 160
References......Page 161
Introduction......Page 173
Mapping Populations......Page 175
Morphological Markers......Page 176
Visual Stimuli......Page 177
Phenological Traits......Page 178
Leaf Hairs......Page 179
Trichomes......Page 180
Plant Growth Responses......Page 181
Phagostimulants......Page 182
Growth Inhibitors......Page 184
Nutritional Factors......Page 185
Molecular Markers......Page 186
Sequence-Tagged Sites......Page 187
Simple Sequence Repeats......Page 188
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat......Page 189
Diversity Array Technology......Page 190
Cotton......Page 191
Rice......Page 192
Wheat......Page 193
Maize......Page 195
Sorghum......Page 196
Potato......Page 197
Chickpea......Page 198
Pigeonpea......Page 199
Common Bean......Page 200
Soybean......Page 201
Groundnut......Page 202
Gene Synteny......Page 203
The Transgenic Approach and Gene Pyramiding through MAS......Page 204
Marker-Assisted versus Phenotypic Selection......Page 205
References......Page 207
Introduction......Page 229
Direct DNA Transfer into Isolated Protoplasts......Page 230
Gene Expression......Page 231
Toxin Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis......Page 234
Cotton......Page 237
Rice......Page 239
Sugarcane......Page 240
Tobacco......Page 241
Potato......Page 242
Ornamentals......Page 243
Secondary Plant Metabolites......Page 244
Protease Inhibitors......Page 245
Tobacco......Page 246
Maize......Page 248
Vegetables......Page 249
Alpha Amylase Inhibitors......Page 250
Enzymes......Page 251
Tobacco......Page 252
Sugarcane......Page 253
Neuropeptides and Peptidic Hormones......Page 254
Biotin-Binding Proteins......Page 255
Inducible Resistance......Page 256
Gene Pyramiding......Page 257
Conclusions......Page 258
References......Page 259
Introduction......Page 275
Natural versus Engineered Microbes......Page 276
Entomopathogenic Viruses......Page 277
Baculoviruses with Neurotoxins......Page 279
Role of Baculoviruses in Pest Management......Page 282
Bacillus thuringiensis......Page 283
Gene Expression and Cry Structure......Page 284
Mode of Action......Page 285
Biopesticides Based on Bacillus thuringiensis......Page 287
Genetic Engineering of Bacteria......Page 288
The Alternative Delivery Systems for Bt Toxins......Page 289
Entomopathogenic Fungi......Page 292
Entomopathogenic Nematodes......Page 295
Biosafety Considerations for Using Genetically Engineered Microbes......Page 296
Conclusions......Page 298
References......Page 299
Introduction......Page 313
DNA Injection into Eggs......Page 315
Sperm-Mediated Transfer......Page 316
Transposable Elements......Page 317
Baculoviruses......Page 318
Cryopreservation......Page 319
Improving Resistance to Insecticides......Page 321
Dominant Repressible Lethal Genetic System......Page 323
Markers and Promoters......Page 324
Environmental Release and Potential Risks......Page 325
Genetic Exchange with Natural Populations......Page 326
Transgene Instability......Page 327
References......Page 328
Introduction......Page 337
Cotton......Page 338
Cereals......Page 341
Deployment of Transgenic Plants for Pest Management......Page 343
Transgenic Crops and Chemical Control......Page 344
Transgenic Crops and Biological Control......Page 345
Transgenic Crops and Cultural Control......Page 346
Advantages and Limitations of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Crops......Page 347
Stability of Transgene Expression......Page 348
Secondary Pest Problems......Page 349
Environmental Influence on Gene Expression......Page 350
References......Page 351
Introduction......Page 359
Bt Sprays, Transgenic Plants, and Nontarget Organisms......Page 361
Interaction of Transgenic Crops with Nontarget Organisms: Protocols for Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Transgenic Plants......Page 362
Influence of Transgenic Crops on Diversity of Nontarget Organisms......Page 365
Influence of Transgenic Crops on Activity and Abundance of Pollinators......Page 367
Interaction of Transgenic Crops with Predators......Page 368
Bt Toxins......Page 369
Bt Toxins......Page 370
Interaction of Transgenic Crops with Parasitoids......Page 372
Lectins......Page 373
Bt Toxins......Page 374
Interactions of Transgenic Plants with Fauna and Flora in the Rhizosphere......Page 376
References......Page 379
Introduction......Page 389
Variation in Insect Populations for Susceptibility to Bt Toxins......Page 391
Effect of Host Plant on Insect Susceptibility to Cry Proteins......Page 393
Development of Resistance under Laboratory Conditions......Page 394
Mechanisms of Resistance......Page 397
Reduced Binding to Receptor Proteins......Page 398
Cross Resistance......Page 399
Frequency of Resistance Alleles......Page 400
Inheritance of Resistance......Page 402
Strategies for Resistance Management......Page 403
Stable Transgene Expression......Page 404
High Level of Transgene Expression......Page 405
Pyramiding Two or More Bt Genes......Page 406
Pyramiding Bt with Protease Inhibitor and Lectin Genes......Page 407
Pyramiding Bt Genes with Conventional Host Plant Resistance......Page 408
Regulation of Gene Expression and Gene Deployment......Page 409
Refuge Types......Page 410
Role of Alternate Hosts as Refugia......Page 411
Removal of Alternate Hosts and Destruction of Carryover Population......Page 412
Simulation Models for Resistance Management......Page 413
Conclusions......Page 414
References......Page 415
Introduction......Page 427
Role of Pollinators in Gene Flow......Page 428
Gene Flow into the Wild Relatives of Crops: Vertical Gene Flow......Page 429
Cereals......Page 432
Soybean......Page 434
Beets......Page 435
Development of Resistance to Antibiotics: Horizontal Gene Flow......Page 436
Gene Flow and Selection Pressure from Herbivores......Page 438
Gene Flow and Enhanced Fitness of Herbivores......Page 439
Gene Flow and Genetic Purity of Crops......Page 440
Gene Flow and the Centers of Genetic Diversity......Page 441
Use of Taxonomic Information......Page 442
Use of Border Rows......Page 443
Conclusions......Page 444
References......Page 445
Introduction......Page 451
Invasiveness......Page 453
Probability of Harm......Page 454
Hazard to the Environment......Page 455
Risk Management......Page 456
Conditions of Release and the Target Environment......Page 457
Post Release Monitoring of the Transgene......Page 458
References......Page 460
Introduction......Page 463
Biosafety Assessment of Food from Genetically Modified Crops......Page 464
Substantial Equivalence to the Nontransgenic Food......Page 466
Nutritional Quality......Page 467
Bt Cry Proteins......Page 468
Changes in Chemical Profile/Secondary Metabolites......Page 470
Biosafety of Transgenic Feed/Forage for Animals......Page 471
Potential Effects on Human Health Resulting from the Use of Viral DNA in Human Food......Page 472
Fate of Genetically Modified Plant DNA in the Digestive System......Page 473
Allergenic Effects......Page 474
Public Attitude to Food from Transgenic Plants......Page 476
Consumer Response to Food from Genetically Modified Crops......Page 477
Role of the Scientific Community, NGOs, and the Media......Page 478
References......Page 479
Introduction......Page 485
Detection of Genetically Modified Foods......Page 486
Qualitative PCR Analysis......Page 488
Quantitative PCR......Page 489
Microarray Technology......Page 490
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay......Page 491
Mass Spectrometry......Page 492
Monitoring of Genetically Modified Food and Food Labeling......Page 493
References......Page 494
Introduction......Page 497
Expressed Sequence Tags......Page 498
Diagnosis of Insect Pests and Their Natural Enemies......Page 499
Detection of Insect Biotypes......Page 500
Phylogenetics and Population Structure......Page 501
Application of Molecular Markers for Studying Population Genetics......Page 502
Molecular Basis of Insect–Plant Interactions......Page 503
Application of Molecular Markers to Understand Functional Genomics of Insects......Page 504
Conclusions......Page 505
References......Page 506
Development of New Insecticide Molecules......Page 513
Molecular Markers for Monitoring Insect Resistance to Insecticides......Page 514
Comparative Genomics and Divergent Evolution of Detoxification Genes......Page 515
Quantitative Trait Loci, Positional Cloning, and Multiple Resistance to Bt Toxins......Page 516
Conclusions......Page 517
References......Page 518
Genetic Engineering of Crops for Resistance to Insect Pests......Page 521
Genetic Improvement of Entomopathogenic Microorganisms......Page 524
Molecular Markers, Biosystematics, and Diagnostics......Page 525
Marker-Assisted Selection and the Genomics Revolution......Page 526
Transgenic Crops and the Environment......Page 527
Biosafety of Food from Transgenic Crops......Page 528
References......Page 529
Species Index......Page 533
Subject Index......Page 541
Back Page......Page 547
