Biostatistics for Oral Healthcare

Biostatistics for Oral Healthcare......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
1.1 What Is Biostatistics?......Page 13
1.4 How Do I Study Statistics?......Page 14
1.5 Reference......Page 15
2.1 Raw Data and Basic Terminology......Page 17
2.2 The Levels of Measurements......Page 19
2.3.1 Frequency Tables......Page 21
2.3.2 Relative Frequency......Page 24
2.4.1 Bar Graphs......Page 25
2.4.3 Line Graph......Page 26
2.4.4 Histograms......Page 27
2.4.5 Stem and Leaf Plots......Page 31
2.5 Clinical Trials and Designs......Page 32
2.7 Exercises......Page 34
2.8 References......Page 36
3.2 Mean......Page 39
3.3 Weighted Mean......Page 42
3.4 Median......Page 43
3.5 Mode......Page 45
3.7 Harmonic Mean......Page 46
3.8 Mean and Median of Grouped Data......Page 47
3.9 Mean of Two or More Means......Page 49
3.10 Range......Page 50
3.11 Percentiles and Interquartile Range......Page 51
3.12 Box-Whisker Plot......Page 53
3.13 Variance and Standard Deviation......Page 55
3.14 Coefficient of Variation......Page 58
3.16 Skewness......Page 60
3.17 Exercises......Page 62
3.18 References......Page 65
4.2 Sample Space and Events......Page 67
4.3 Basic Properties of Probability......Page 68
4.4 Independence and Mutually Exclusive Events......Page 73
4.5 Conditional Probability......Page 74
4.6 Bayes Theorem......Page 77
4.7.1 Prevalence and Incidence......Page 81
4.7.2 Sensitivity and Specificity......Page 82
4.7.3 Relative Risk and Odds Ratio......Page 85
4.8 Exercises......Page 87
4.9 References......Page 91
5.2 Binomial Distribution......Page 93
5.3 Poisson Distribution......Page 98
5.4 Poisson Approximation to Binomial Distribution......Page 99
5.5.1 Properties of Normal 5.5 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Distribution......Page 100
5.5.2 Standard Normal Distribution......Page 102
5.5.3 Using Normal Probability Table......Page 103
5.5.4 Further Applications of Normal Probability......Page 106
5.5.5 Finding the (1—a) 100th Percentiles......Page 107
5.5.6 Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution......Page 108
5.6 Exercises......Page 111
5.7 References......Page 114
6.2 Sampling Distribution of the Mean......Page 115
6.2.1 Standard Error of the Sample Mean......Page 116
6.2.2 Central Limit Theorem......Page 118
6.3 Student t Distribution......Page 120
6.4 Exercises......Page 122
6.5 References......Page 123
7.2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean µ and Sample Size n When σ Is Known......Page 125
7.3 Confidence Intervals for the Mean µ and Sample Size n When σ Is Not Known......Page 129
7.4 Confidence Intervals for the Binomial Parameter p......Page 131
7.5 Confidence Intervals for the Variances and Standard Deviations......Page 133
7.6 Exercises......Page 136
7.7 References......Page 138
8.1 Introduction......Page 139
8.2 Concepts of Hypothesis Testing......Page 140
8.3 One-Tailed Z Test of the Mean of a Normal Distribution When σ2 Is Known......Page 143
8.4 Two-Tailed Z Test of the Mean of a Normal Distribution When σ2 Is Known......Page 149
8.5 t Test of the Mean of a Normal Distribution......Page 153
8.6 The Power of a Test and Sample Size......Page 156
8.7 One-Sample Test for a Binomial Proportion......Page 160
8.8 One-Sample Х2 Test for the Variance of a Normal Distribution......Page 162
8.9 Exercises......Page 165
8.10 References......Page 169
9.2 Two-Sample Z Test for Comparing Two Means......Page 171
9.3 Two-Sample t Test for Comparing Two Means with Equal Variances......Page 173
9.4 Two-Sample t Test for Comparing Two Means with Unequal Variances......Page 175
9.5 The Paired t Test......Page 177
9.6 Z Test for Comparing Two Binomial Proportions......Page 180
9.7.1 Estimation of Sample Size......Page 182
9.7.2 The Power of a Two-Sample Test......Page 184
9.8 The F Test for the Equality of Two Variances......Page 185
9.9 Exercises......Page 188
9.10 References......Page 191
10.2 2 × 2 Contingency Table......Page 193
10.3 r × c Contingency Table......Page 199
10.4 The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test......Page 201
10.5 The McNemar Test......Page 203
10.6 The Kappa Statistic......Page 206
10.7 Х2 Goodness-of-Fit Test......Page 207
10.8 Exercises......Page 210
10.9 References......Page 213
11.2 Simple Linear Regression......Page 215
11.2.1 Description of Regression Model......Page 218
11.2.2 Estimation of Regression Function......Page 219
11.2.3 Aptness of a Model......Page 221
11.3 Correlation Coefficient......Page 224
11.3.1 Significance Test of Correlation Coefficient......Page 227
11.4 Coefficient of Determination......Page 229
11.5 Multiple Regression......Page 231
11.6.1 The Logistic Regression Model......Page 233
11.6.2 Fitting the Logistic Regression Model......Page 234
11.8 Exercises......Page 235
11.9 References......Page 237
12.2 Factors and Factor Levels......Page 239
12.4 Basic Concepts in ANOVA......Page 240
12.5 F Test for Comparison of k Population Means......Page 241
12.6.2 Bonferroni Approach......Page 246
12.6.3 Scheff’é's Method......Page 248
12.6.4 Tukey's Procedure......Page 249
12.7 One-Way ANOVA Random Effects Model......Page 250
12.8.1 Bartlett’s Test......Page 251
12.8.2 Hartley’s Test......Page 253
12.9 Exercises......Page 254
12.10 References......Page 255
13.1 Introduction......Page 257
13.2 General Model......Page 258
13.3 Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom......Page 259
13.4 F Tests......Page 262
13.5 Repeated Measures Design......Page 265
13.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 266
13.7 References......Page 267
14.1 Introduction......Page 269
14.2 The Sign Test......Page 270
14.3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test......Page 271
14.4 The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test......Page 274
14.5 The Median Test......Page 276
14.6 The Kruskal-Wallis Rank Tes......Page 278
14.7 The Friedman Test......Page 280
14.8 The Permutation Test......Page 281
14.9 The Cochran Test......Page 282
14.10 The Squared Rank Test for Variance......Page 284
14.11 Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient......Page 286
14.12 Exercises......Page 287
14.13 References......Page 289
15.2 Person-Time Method and Mortality Rate......Page 291
15.3 Life Table Analysis......Page 293
15.4 Hazard Function......Page 294
15.5 Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimator......Page 296
15.6 Comparing Survival Functions......Page 299
15.6.1 Gehan Generalized Wilcoxon Test......Page 300
15.6.2 The Log Rank Test......Page 301
15.6.3 The Mantel-Haenszel Test......Page 302
15.7.1 Small Sample Illustration......Page 303
15.7.2 General Description of PEXE......Page 304
15.7.3 An Example......Page 305
15.7.4 Properties of PEXE and Comparisons with Kaplan-Meier Estimator......Page 307
15.8 Exercises......Page 309
15.9 References......Page 310
Solutions to Selected Exercises......Page 311
Table A Table of Random Numbers......Page 321
Table B Binomial Probabilities......Page 322
Table C Poisson Probabilities......Page 328
Table D Standard Normal Probabilities......Page 331
Table E Percentiles of the t Distribution......Page 332
Table F Percentiles of the χ2 Distribution......Page 334
Table G Percentiles of the F Distribution......Page 335
Table H A Guide to Methods of Statistical Inference......Page 340
Index......Page 341