Biosensors for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

Front Cover
Biosensors for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Biosensors: principle, fundamentals history, recent trends and applications
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 History of the biosensor
1.1.2 Principle of biosensor
1.2 Recent trends and application
1.2.1 Nanosensor
1.2.1.1 Biosensor
1.2.1.2 Nucleic acid biosensors
1.2.1.3 Gas sensor
1.2.1.4 Importance of biosensor in Covid-19
1.2.1.5 Polymer-based nanosensor
1.2.1.6 Metal and metal complex nanosensor
1.2.1.7 Carbon-based nanosensor
1.3 Commercialization
1.4 Conclusion and future scope
References
Further reading
2 Recent advances in the development of immunosensors for infectious diseases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrochemical immunosensors for infectious diseases
2.2.1 Influenza
2.2.2 Hepatitis
2.2.3 Dengue
2.2.4 Zika virus
2.2.5 Coronavirus disease
2.2.6 Human immunodeficiency virus
2.2.7 Ebola
2.3 Conclusion and future prospective
Declaration of competing interest
Acknowledgments
References
3 Magnetic point-of-care biosensors for infectious disease diagnosis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Scope of the chapter
3.3 POC diagnostic systems
3.4 Design of magnetic materials for biosensing
3.5 Magnetic field based detection
3.5.1 Magnetic field for separation in POCs
3.5.1.1 Magnetic separation coupled with electrochemical detection
3.5.1.2 Magnetic separation coupled with optical detection
3.5.1.3 Magnetic separation coupled with other transduction methods
3.5.1.3.1 Polymerase chain reaction
3.5.2 Magnetic field for signal generation in POCs
3.5.2.1 Magnetic resonance sensors
3.5.2.2 Magnetic relaxation sensors
3.5.2.3 Magnetoresistive sensors
3.6 Special mentions
3.7 Future perspectives—overcoming the hurdles
3.8 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
4 Advancements in electrochemical biosensors development for infectious disease diagnosis
4.1 Overview
4.2 Electrochemical biosensors for infectious disease diagnosis
4.2.1 Potentiometric biosensors
4.2.2 Amperometric biosensors
4.2.3 Voltammetric biosensors
4.2.4 Impedimetric biosensors
4.3 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
5 Plant-based biosensors in disease diagnosis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plant-based biosensors
5.3 Potential plant tissues for biosensors
5.4 Callus culture for identical plant cells
5.5 Plant-based biosensors for disease diagnosis
5.6 Future prospects
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Development of optical biosensors for the diagnosis of pathogens
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Infectious agents: bacteria and viruses
6.2.1 Bacterial markers
6.2.2 Viral biomarkers
6.3 Traditional methods for pathogen detection
6.4 Biosensors
6.4.1 Biosensing components or bioreceptors
6.4.2 Biotransducer component
6.5 Optical biosensors
6.6 Classification of optical biosensors
6.6.1 Fluoresence-based biosensors
6.6.2 Surface enhanced Raman scattering-based biosensors
6.6.3 Surface plasmon resonance based-biosensors
6.6.3.1 Localized surface plasmon resonance technology
6.6.4 Colorimetric biosensors
6.6.5 Other optical biosensors
6.6.5.1 Evanescent wave fluorescence biosensors
6.6.5.2 Optical waveguide interferometric biosensors
6.6.5.3 Reflectometric interference spectroscopy biosensors
6.7 Biosensors and biomarkers to detect pathogens
6.7.1 Bacterial pathogen
6.7.1.1 Vibrio cholerae
6.7.1.2 Escherichia coli
6.7.1.3 Salmonella
6.7.1.4 Campylobacter
6.7.1.5 Bacillus
6.7.1.6 Staphylococcus
6.8 Virus pathogen
6.8.1 Influenza
6.8.2 Human immunodeficiency virus
6.8.3 Hepatitis
6.8.4 Ebola
6.8.5 Dengue
6.8.6 COVID-19 pandemic
6.9 Recent development in the optical biosensors
6.9.1 Nanostructured optical biosensors
6.10 Conclusion
References
Further reading
7 Biosensor as quick analytic tool in pandemic!
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biosensors
7.2.1 Immunosensors
7.2.2 Enzymatic biosensors
7.2.3 Genosensors
7.2.4 Whole-cell biosensors
7.3 Biosensors and medical diagnosis
7.4 Applications of biosensors in pandemics
7.4.1 Human immunodeficiency virus
7.4.1.1 Structure of human immunodeficiency virus
7.4.1.2 Laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus
7.5 Human immunodeficiency virus: biosensing approaches
7.6 Viral markers in human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
7.7 Nanomaterial-based biosensor and human immunodeficiency virus
7.7.1 Direct detection
7.7.2 Indirect detection
7.8 Review of literatures
7.8.1 Point-of-care detection of human immunodeficiency virus
7.9 Biosensor for hepatitis
7.10 Ebola
7.11 Zika
7.12 Norovirus
7.13 Influenza
7.14 COVID-19
7.14.1 Lateral flow assay
7.14.2 Electrochemical biosensors
7.14.3 Chip-based nucleic acid detection
7.15 Future perspectives
7.16 Conclusion and future outlook
References
Further reading
8 Trends in biosensors for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus as a key cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biological recognition elements
8.2.1 Immunosensors
8.2.2 Aptasensors
8.2.3 Molecular imprinting polymers
8.2.4 Bacteriophages
8.2.5 Antimicrobial resistance-related proteins
8.3 Detection mechanism
8.3.1 Electrochemical detection
8.3.2 Optical detection
8.4 Nanomaterial-based biosensors
8.5 Microfluidics devices
8.6 Paper-based biosensors
8.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
9 Rapid detection and diagnosis of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases using biosensing techniques
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Emerging and re-emerging diseases epidemics
9.2.1 Historical perspective
9.2.2 Infectious diseases and cancer
9.3 Review of some biosensors developed to detect emerging infectious diseases
9.3.1 Electrochemical sensing techniques
9.3.2 Piezoelectric sensing techniques
9.3.3 Magnetic sensing techniques
9.3.4 Optical sensing techniques
9.3.5 Aptamer based biosensor
9.4 Coronavirus and biosensors
9.5 Future challenges
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Development of optical biosensor for diagnosis of microbial pathogens
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Optical biosensor: a trend toward detection of pathogens
10.3 Basic principles of optical biosensors
10.4 Different types of optical biosensors for diagnosis of pathogens
10.5 Principles of lateral flow assay
10.6 Plasmonic biosensors for detection of pathogens
10.7 Surface plasmon resonance
10.7.1 Principles
10.7.2 Principles of SPR: [20–22]
10.8 Limitation
10.9 Optical biosensors integrated with microfluids
10.10 Smartphone-based portable surface plasmon resonance biosensor
10.11 Future research
10.12 Conclusion
References
11 Magnetic and colorimetric point-of-care biosensors for infectious disease diagnosis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Magnetic biosensors
11.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensors
11.2.2 Magnetoresistive biosensors
11.3 Colorimetric biosensors
11.3.1 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
11.3.2 Nanoparticle-based colorimetric biosensors
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
12 Nucleic acid based biosensor as a cutting edge tool for point of care diagnosis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biosensor
12.3 POC diagnostics
12.3.1 Paper-based
12.3.2 Chip-based
12.3.3 Mobile phone-assisted
12.3.4 Wearable POC
12.3.5 Portable benchtop instruments
12.3.6 POC platforms in optical and electrochemical modalities
12.4 Nucleic acid biosensors
12.4.1 Types and application (applicable for electrochemical, optical and multiplex)
12.4.2 Research and development (applicable for electrochemical, optical and multiplex)
12.4.2.1 Electrochemical biosensors
12.4.2.1.1 Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors
12.4.2.1.2 Designing electrochemical DNA biosensors for specific molecular detection
12.4.2.2 Optical biosensors
12.4.3 Multiplex biosensors
12.5 Challenges and opportunities
12.5.1 Challenges
12.5.2 Opportunities
12.6 Conclusions and outlook
References
13 Strategies of detection and challenges for hepatitis C infectious disease
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Detection strategy for hepatitis C virus
13.1.2 Treatment options for hepatitis C infection
13.2 Computational details
13.3 Results and discussion
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Point-of-care electrochemical biosensors using CRISPR/Cas for RNA analysis
14.1 Introduction
14.2 CRISPR/Cas classification
14.3 Electrochemical biosensor
14.4 CRISPR/Cas
14.5 Crispr/Cas biosensing systems
14.6 Mechanism of RNA targeting by CRISPR/Cas13
14.7 Electrochemical biosensor for RNA detection
14.8 Applications
14.9 Conclusion
References
15 Biosensing technologies applied in virus detection as rapid tools during pandemics: past lessons and recent trends
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanomaterials-enabled biosensors
15.2.1 Gold nanostructures-enabled biosensing
15.2.2 Lanthanide-based biosensors
15.2.3 Graphene-enabled biosensing
15.2.4 Magnetic nanoparticles-based biosensing
15.3 Biosensing technologies applied in virus diagnosis
15.3.1 Point-of-care biosensors
15.3.2 Nucleic acid-based biosensors
15.3.2.1 Optical nucleic acid-based biosensor
15.3.3 Electrochemical sensors
15.3.4 Chiral biosensors
15.4 Conclusions and prospects
References
16 Biosensors for healthcare: an artificial intelligence approach
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Conclusion
References
17 Development of biosensors based on biomarkers in body fluids for the diagnosis of emerging infectious diseases
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biomarkers for infectious disease diagnosis
17.2.1 Antigen
17.2.2 Antibodies
17.2.3 Nucleic acids
17.2.4 Circulating cell-free DNA/RNA
17.2.5 MicroRNAs
17.3 Sample collection and preparation
17.3.1 Sample collection
17.3.2 Sample preparation
17.4 Biosensors based on isothermal nucleic acid amplification
17.4.1 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
17.4.1.1 LAMP in lateral flow assays
17.4.2 Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
17.4.3 Recombinase polymerase amplification
17.4.4 Rolling circle amplification
17.5 CRISPR–Cas for improved nucleic acid detection
17.5.1 Potential of POC devices
17.6 Analysis without amplification of target or probe
17.6.1 CRISPR/Cas-based methods for nucleic acid detection
17.6.1.1 Chemiluminescence based methods
17.6.1.2 Colorimetric methods
17.7 Conclusion and future remarks
References
18 Advantages of silicon nanowire-based biosensors as wireless technology for infectious disease diagnosis
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Overview of advents of silicon nanowires-based biosensor
18.2.1 The working principle
18.2.2 Fabrication details of silicon nanowire biosensors
18.2.3 Surface functionalization
18.2.4 Fluid exchange
18.2.5 The Debye length effect
18.2.6 Electrical detection
18.3 Detection of diverse biological marker or agents
18.3.1 Protein
18.3.2 DNA and RNA
18.3.3 Viruses
18.4 Outlook
18.5 Summary and future prospective
References
19 Computational biology and biosensors as surveillance tools for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Global burden of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases
19.2.1 Rift Valley fever
19.2.2 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
19.2.3 Zika virus
19.2.4 Lassa fever
19.2.5 Ebola virus disease
19.2.6 Nipah and Henipaviral diseases
19.2.7 COVID-19
19.3 Computational biology and biosensors as surveillance tools for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases
19.3.1 Alert and response systems
19.3.2 Surveillance through social networking and outbreak modeling
19.3.3 Computational biology in pathogen identification and disease surveillance
19.4 Need of biosensors for disease diagnosis
19.4.1 What are biosensors?
19.4.2 Biosensors, internet of medical things and point-of-care testing devices
19.4.3 Types of biosensors
19.4.3.1 Cellular components as biosensors
19.4.3.2 Glycane-based biosensors
19.4.3.3 Lectin-based biosensors
19.4.3.4 Nanoparticle-based biosensors
19.5 Conclusion
References
Index
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