This book presents recent research work on Biosaline Agriculture presented during First International Forum on Biosaline Agriculture in Laayoune, Morocco from May 3rd to May 4th 2019.
The aim of this book is to showcase the global potential of Biosaline agriculture, provide an update on the development of recent innovations in the field of Biosaline agriculture, the best management practices to safely use brackish and saline water, highlight the use of non-conventional water in marginal environment production and the current advanced technologies of desalination of brackish and seawater.
The different chapters will also discuss solutions that are adapted to local conditions as part of a sustainable development perspective.
The book provides up-to-date technical and scientific data on growing crops under marginal environment so as to encourage the dissemination of this knowledge in the best practices to increase the productivity in Biosaline agriculture, in view of the potential to contribute to food security. The book is expected to stimulate interest in the non-conventional water resources and crops among junior and senior researchers and among those who are increasingly focused on exploiting marginal environments. It will also be of interest to decision-makers and the public and private sectors to jointly address the issues of food security especially of the poor and vulnerable people living in marginal environments worldwide by providing innovative technology transfer.
Author(s): Redouane Choukr-Allah, Ragab Ragab
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 426
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Introduction to the Book
1 Using Saline Water in Biosaline Agriculture for Food Security
1 Introduction
2 Best Management Practices Under Saline Conditions
3 Modeling
4 Successful Stories on the Use of Saline Water in Some Arid and Semi-arid Countries
5 Conclusion
References
Part II Best Practices for Saline and Brackish Water Management
2 Salt-Affected Soils and Their Management in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: A Holistic Approach
1 Introduction
2 Geographical Location of the MENA Region
3 Climate of the MENA Region
4 Water Resources of the MENA Region
5 Soils of the MENA Region
6 Facts About Soil Salinity Extent in Some MENA Region Countries
7 Potential Threats to the Soils of the MENA Region
8 The UN Sustainable Development Goal 2 in the Context of the MENA Region
9 Soil Salinity Assessment—Procedural Matters
9.1 Field Assessment of Soil Sodicity (Qualitative Test)
9.2 Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) Characterization of Saline Soils
9.3 Laboratory Assessment of Soil Sodicity—Procedural Matters
10 Soil Salinity Classification
10.1 Classification of Salt-Affected Soils (Richards 1954)
11 Salt-Affected Soils in the Global and Regional Context
12 Soil Salinity and Plant Growth
12.1 Salts Affects on Plants and Adjustments
12.2 Farm’s Productivity Decline Due to Salinity
12.3 General Guideline About the Crop Response to Root Zone Soil Salinity
13 Facts About Soil Salinity, Crop Salt-tolerance and Management
14 A Paradigm Shift in the Classification of Salt-Affected Soils in Relation to Crop Types
15 Soil and Salinity Management Options in the MENA Region
References
3 Innovation and Practical Experience of Using Saline Water at the Farm Level in Tunisia
1 Introduction
2 Selection of Salt-Tolerant Crops and Varieties
2.1 New Varieties of Olive Trees
2.2 Energetic Plant: Jatropha
2.3 Pseudo-Cereal: Quinoa
2.4 Medicinal and Cosmetic Plant: Aloe Vera
2.5 Forage Legume: Sesbania
3 Adapted Irrigation System Under Saline Condition
4 Improving Crop Salinity Tolerance by Organic Substances: Proline
5 Reducing Water Salinity Effect by Electromagnetic Treatment
6 Conclusion
References
4 Soil and Nutrient Management Under Saline Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Management of Salt-Affected Soil
3 4R Nutrient Stewardship for Nutrient Management Under Saline Conditions
3.1 Selecting the Right Source of Nutrients Under Saline Conditions
3.2 Selecting the Rate and Time of Nutrient Application Under Saline Conditions
3.3 Selecting the Right Place for Nutrient Application
4 Conclusion
References
5 Prospects of Alternative Agricultural Systems to Improve the Productivity of Marginal Lands in Ethiopia
1 Introduction
2 Sources, Causes, and Distribution of Salt-Affected Soils
2.1 Characterization of Salt-Affected Soils
2.2 Causes of Soil Salinity Development in Ethiopia
2.3 Effects of Soil Salinity on Soil and Plants
2.4 Extent and Distribution of Saline Soils in Ethiopia
2.5 Spatial Distribution of Soil Salinity in Different Regions of Ethiopia
2.6 Water Shortage for Irrigation
2.7 Declining Irrigation Water Quality
2.8 Waterlogging and Soil Salinization Problems
2.9 Problems in Traditional Reclamation
3 Potential Alternative Crops for Salt-Affected Soils in Ethiopia
3.1 Salt Tolerant Field Crops
3.2 Salt-Tolerant Legumes and Forage Grasses
3.3 Bio-Drainage to Control Waterlogging
3.4 Halophytes Plantation for Highly Salt-Affected Lands
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
4.1 Short-Term Strategies for Soil Reclamation
4.2 Long-Term Strategies for Soil Reclamation
References
6 Irrigation Water Management Under Salinity Conditions in Arid Regions
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Preparation of Biochar and Compost
2.2 Experimental Site
2.3 Salinity, Water Content, and Root Measurements
2.4 Gross Water Requirement
3 Statistical Procedure Approach
4 Results
4.1 Gross Water Requirements (GWR)
4.2 Soil Moisture Distributions (SMD)
4.3 Soil Salinity Distribution (SSD)
4.4 Effect of Soil Amendments and Deficit Irrigation on Tomato Yield
4.5 Effect of Water Quality
4.6 Water Productivity (WP)
5 Conclusion
References
7 Seed Priming and Nano Priming Techniques as Tools to Alleviate Osmotic Stress in Legumes
1 Introduction
2 Seed Priming Techniques and Utilization in Legumes
2.1 Osmopriming
2.2 Halopriming
2.3 Biopriming
3 Nanoparticles (NPs) for Seed Priming for Legumes
3.1 Important Effects on Seed Germination
3.2 Seed Nanopriming and Oxidative Stress Tolerance
3.3 Seed Nano Priming with PGPRs
4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Part III Using Saline Water for Conventional, Non-Conventional and Forage Crops
8 Exploration and Collection of Quinoa’s Wild Ancestor in Argentina
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results
4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
9 Multilocation Evaluation of Alternative Forage Crops Grown Under Salinity Conditions in the South of Morocco
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Experimental Sites
2.2 Climatic Data
2.3 Experimental Design and Agronomic Practices
2.4 Soil and Water Analysis
2.5 Statistical Analysis
3 Results
3.1 Agro-Morphological Parameters
3.2 Dry Biomass Yield
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
10 Water and Salt Regimes Under Irrigation with Brackish/Saline Water in Tunisian Semi-Arid Context
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results
3.1 Short-Term Water and Salt Regimes
3.2 Long-Term Water and Salt Regimes
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Part IV Land Management When Irrigating with Saline Water
11 Do Cultivating Methods Improve Crop Yield Under Saline Conditions in Semi-Arid Areas
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Site Description
2.2 Experimental Design and Treatments
2.3 Soil Water Content
2.4 Yield and Water Productivity
2.5 Relationship Between Relative Yield and Average Root-Zone Salinity of Soil Saturation Extract
3 Results
3.1 Grain Yield/Saffron Yield
3.2 Water Productivity
3.3 Relations Between Yield Ratios and Soil Saturated Electrical Conductivity
4 Conclusions
References
12 Phosphogypsum: Properties and Potential Use in Agriculture
1 Introduction
2 Phosphogypsum Generation and Storage Processes
2.1 Phosphogypsum Generation Processes
2.2 Phosphogypsum Disposal
2.3 Phosphogypsum Properties
3 Use of Phosphogypsum in Agriculture
3.1 Use of Phosphogypsum as an Amendment of Degraded Soils
3.2 Use of Phosphogypsum as a Fertilizer
3.3 Use of Phosphogypsum in the Fertilizer Industry
4 Environmental and Sanitary Impacts of Using Phosphogypsum in Agriculture
4.1 Heavy Metals Transfer
4.2 Radioelements Transfer
5 Conclusion
References
Part V The Challenges Faced When Using of Non-conventional Water in Agriculture
13 Status, Drivers, and Suggested Management Scenarios of Salt-Affected Soils in Africa
1 Introduction
2 An Overview of the Africa’s Physical Geography
2.1 Topography
2.2 Geology
2.3 Climate
2.4 Vegetation
2.5 Soils of Africa
3 Extent and Distribution of Salt-Affected Soils in Africa
4 Types and Drivers of Salt-Affected Soils in Africa
4.1 Coastal Salinity
4.2 Weathering of Minerals or Rocks
4.3 Groundwater-Associated Salinity
4.4 Irrigation-Induced Salinity
4.5 Climate Change Triggered Salinity in Africa
5 Impact of Salt-Affected Soils in Africa
5.1 Impact on Soil
5.2 Impact on Plants
5.3 Impact on the Socio-Economy
6 Suggested Management Scenarios
6.1 Use of Salt Tolerant Crops
6.2 The Irrigation Method
6.3 Salt Leaching and Drainage
6.4 Use of Organic Matter
6.5 Use of Chemical Ameliorant
6.6 Fertilizers
6.7 Reclamation Using Rice Cultivation
6.8 Use of Crop Rotations in the Reclamation
7 Conclusion
References
14 The Use of Non-Conventional Water Resources in Agriculture in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: Key Challenges and Opportunities for the Use of Treated Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Water Resources in the GCC Countries
2.1 Surface Water and Groundwater Resources
2.2 Desalination
2.3 Wastewater
3 Current Status of Wastewater in GCC
4 Major Benefits of Wastewater Reuse
4.1 Matching Demand and Promoting Agriculture
4.2 Environmental Benefits
4.3 Economic Benefits
4.4 Other Benefits
5 Major Constraints of Wastewater Reuse
5.1 Public Acceptance
5.2 Environmental Health Concerns: Standards and Regulations
5.3 Economic Constraints
5.4 Other Constraints
6 Potential Future Contribution of Wastewater
7 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Part VI Use of Models as Management Tools
15 SALTMED Model as a Tool for Water, Crop, Field, and N-Fertilizers Management
1 Introduction
2 Brief Description of the Main Processes in the SALTMED Model
2.1 Evapotranspiration
2.2 Plant Water Uptake in the Presence of Saline Water
2.3 The Relative Crop Yield, RY
2.4 Crop Growth, Biomass Production, and Yield
2.5 Water and Solute Flow
2.6 Drainage
2.7 Soil Nitrogen Dynamics and Nitrogen Uptake
2.8 Calculating Soil Temperature from Air Temperature
2.9 Multiple and Simultaneous Model Application
3 SALTMED Input Data Requirement
3.1 The Climate Data Tab
3.2 The Evapotranspiration Tab
3.3 The Irrigation Tab
3.4 Crop Parameters Tab
3.5 Crop Growth Tab
3.6 Parameters Tab
3.7 Profiles Tab
3.8 Drainage Tab
3.9 Evapotranspiration, ET, Tab Options
4 “Goodness of Fit” Indicators
5 SALTMED Applications
6 Some Issues Related to Salinity Measurements, Modeling, and Irrigation
6.1 The Field Versus Laboratory Measured Salinity
6.2 Issues Related to Measurements
6.3 Issues Related to the Irrigation Systems for Saline Water Application
6.4 Issues Related to Management Strategies for Water of Different Salinities
6.5 Issues Related to Leaching Requirement
6.6 Issues Related to Modeling
6.7 Uncertainty in Modeling
6.8 Using the Field Scale Models for Salinity Management
6.9 Non-Conventional Way to Use the Models
7 Tips for Saline Water Management
8 SALTMED Model Software and Document Availability
References
Part VII Use of Desalination Technology to Produce Non-saline Water for Irrigation
16 Desalination for Agriculture: Is It Affordable?
1 Introduction
2 Desalination for Agriculture
3 Challenges of Desalination in Agriculture
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
17 The Technological Challenges of Desalination for Irrigation in Morocco
1 Introduction
2 Overview on Desalination in the World
3 Principles of Main Desalination Technologies
3.1 Thermal Desalination Processes
3.2 Membrane-Based Desalination Processes
3.3 Comparison of NF, RO, and ED
4 Desalination for Agricultural Purposes
5 Challenges of Desalination in Agriculture
6 Conclusion
References
Index
