Increased industrial and agricultural activity has led to the contamination of the earth's soil and groundwater resources with hazardous chemicals. The presence of heavy metals, dyes, fluorides, dissolved solids, and many other pollutants used in industry and agriculture are responsible for hazardous levels of water pollution. The removal of these pollutants in water resources is challenging. Bioremediation is a new technique that employs living organisms, usually bacteria and fungi, to remove pollutants from soil and water, preferably in situ. This approach is more cost-effective than traditional techniques, such as incineration of soils and carbon filtration of water. It requires understanding how organisms consume and transform polluting chemicals, survive in polluted environments, and how they should be employed in the field.
Bioremediation for Environmental Pollutants discusses the latest research in green chemistry and practices and principles involved in quality improvement of water by remediation. It covers different aspects of environmental problems and their remedies with up-to-date developments in the field of bioremediation of industrial/environmental pollutants. Volume 1 focuses on the bioremediation of heavy metals, pesticides, textile dyes removal, petroleum hydrocarbon, microplastics and plastics.
This book is invaluable for researchers and scientists in environmental science, environmental microbiology, and waste management. It also serves as a learning resource for graduate and undergraduate students in environmental science, microbiology, limnology, freshwater ecology, and microbial biotechnology.
Author(s): Inamuddin
Series: Sustainable Materials
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 517
City: Singapore
Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals
Removal of Heavy Metals using Microbial Bioremediation
Deepesh Tiwari1, Athar Hussain2,*, Sunil Kumar Tiwari3, Salman Ahmed4, Mohd. Wajahat Sultan5 and Mohd. Imran Ahamed6
INTRODUCTION
HEAVY METALS: SOURCES AND EFFECTS
HEAVY METALS OCCURRENCES
HEAVY METAL REMOVAL STRATEGIES
Physical Methods
Chemical Methods
Biological Methods
Phytoremediation
Bioremediation
Mechanism of Bioremediation
Bioremediation by Biosorption
Bioremediation by Bioaccumulation
Comparison of Biosorption and Bioaccumulation Process
Biotechnological Intervention in Bioremediation Processes by the Microbial Approach
The Ability of Microorganisms to Bioremediate Heavy Metals
Bacteria Remediation Capacity of Heavy Metal
Fungi Remediation Capacity of Heavy Metal
Remediation Capacity of Heavy Metal by Algae
Heavy Metal Removal Using Biofilms
Plant Approach
Advantages of Bioremediation
Disadvantages of Bioremediation
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Bioremediation of Heavy Metal in Paper Mill Effluent
Priti Gupta1,*
INTRODUCTION
PAPER & PULP INDUSTRY: GLOBAL OUTLOOK ON UTILITY AND GROWTH
PAPER & PULP INDUSTRY: GLOBAL OUTLOOK ON HAZARDS
PAPER MAKING PROCESSES AND WASTEWATER GENERATION
Debarking
Pulping
Mechanical Pulping
Chemical Pulping
Bleaching
Washing
Stock Preparation and Paper Making Process
HEAVY METALS AT GLANCE
Adverse Effect of Heavy Metal Contamination
Soil
Microbial Population
Plants
Animals
Humans
Remediation Technologies for the Treatment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Wastewater Effluent
BIOREMEDIATION: AN INNOVATIVE AND USEFUL APPROACH
Industrial by-Products
Agricultural Wastes
Phytoremediation Methods and its Types
Microbial Biosorbents
MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION METHODS
Biosorption
How Does Biosorption Works?
Important Factors Governing Biosorption Mechanism
Types of Biosorption
Examples of Efficient Biosorbents
Advantages
Biotransformation
Bioaccumulation
Bioleaching
FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL REMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ASPECTS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Bioremediation of Pesticides
Praveen Kumar Yadav1,2,*, Kamlesh Kumar Nigam3, Shishir Kumar Singh2,4, Ankit Kumar5 and S. Swarupa Tripathy1
INTRODUCTION
Pesticides
Bioremediation of Pesticides
Type of Bioremediation
In-situ Bioremediation
Ex-situ Bioremediation
Aerobic Bioremediation
Anaerobic Bioremediation
Mycodegradation of Pesticides
Mycodegradation of Pesticides
Bacterial Degradation of Pesticides
Mechanisms Involved in Bioremediation
Genetic Modification in Bioremediation Tools
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Biosurfactants for Biodégradation
Telli Alia1,*
INTRODUCTION
BIOSURFACTANTS
Definition and Importance
Surface Activity
Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)
Hydrophile-lipophile Balance
Emulsion Stability
Classification, Properties and Applications of Biosurfactants
APPLICATION OF BIOSUFACTANT IN BIODEGRADATION
Biodegradation of Crude Oil and Petroleum Wastes
Removal and Detoxification of Heavy Metals
Biodegradation of Pesticides
Biodegradation of Organic Dyes
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Potential Application of Biological Treatment Methods in Textile Dyes Removal
Rustiana Yuliasni1, Bekti Marlena1, Nanik Indah Setianingsih1, Abudukeremu Kadier2,3,*, Setyo Budi Kurniawan4, Dongsheng Song2,5 and Peng-Cheng Ma2,3
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF DYES
History of Textile Dyes
Classification of Dyes Based on Industrial Application
Direct Dyes
Disperse Dyes
Vat Dyes
Basic Dyes
Acid Dyes
Sulphur Dyes
Azo Dyes
Reactive Dyes
Dyes Classification Based on Chromophores
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN RELATED TO DYES
DYES REMOVAL TECHNIQUES
BIODEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF DYES
Biosorption
Bioaccumulation
Biodegradation
FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Fungal Bioremediation of Pollutants
Evans C. Egwim1,*, Oluwafemi A. Oyewole2 and Japhet G. Yakubu2
INTRODUCTION
Pollutants and Their Classification
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Heavy Metals
Chemical Pollutants
Synthetic Pesticides
Industrial Dyes
Pharmaceutical Products
Effects of Pollutants in the Soil
Effects of Pollutants in the Aquatic Environment
Effects of Pollutants in the Air
Bioremediation
Bioremediation Techniques
Biosparging
Bioventing
Bioaugmentation
Biostimulation
Ex situ
Solid Phase
Land Farming
Composting
Biopiles
Slurry Phase
Fungi
Mycoremediation
White Rot Fungi
Enzyme System of WRF
Lignin Peroxidase
Manganese Peroxidase
Versatile Peroxidase
Laccase
Cytochrome P450s Monooxygenase
Mycoremediation of Pollutants
Mycoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Mycoremediation of Dyes
Mycoremediation of Pesticides
Mycoremediation of Pharmaceutical Products
Mycoremediation of Heavy Metal
Advantages of Mycoremediation
Limitations of Mycoremediation
Nutrients
Bioavailability of Pollutants
Temperature
Effects of pH
Relative Humidity
Toxicity of Pollutants
Oxygen
Moisture Content
Presence of Contaminants
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Antifouling Nano Filtration Membrane
Sonalee Das1,* and Lakshmi Unnikrishnan1
INTRODUCTION
MEMBRANE FOULING
Classification of Membrane Fouling
Mechanism of Membrane Fouling
Factors Affecting Membrane Fouling
NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES
Mechanism of Action
Characterization of NF Membranes
Industrial Applications
Challenges in NF Membranes
Membrane Fouling
Separation Between the Solutes
Post-treatment of Concentrates
Chemical Resistance
Insufficient Rejection in Water Treatment
Need for Modelling & Simulation Tools
ANTIFOULING NANOFILTRATION (AF-NF) MEMBRANES
Recent Progress in the Fabrication of Anti-Fouling Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Microbes and their Genes involved in Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon
Bhaskarjyoti Gogoi1, Indukalpa Das1, Shamima Begum1, Gargi Dutta1, Rupesh Kumar1 and Debajit Borah1,*
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES
PHYSICAL METHOD FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
CHEMICAL METHOD FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
BIOLOGICAL METHODS
EX-SITU BIOREMEDIATION
In Situ Bioremediation
Microbial Bioremediation Method
ROLE OF BIOSURFACTANTS IN PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION
ROLE OF MICROBIAL ENZYMES AND RESPONSIBLE GENES IN HYDROCARBON DEGRADATION
FACTORS AFFECTING BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Application and Major Challenges of Microbial Bioremediation of Oil Spill in Various Environments
Rustiana Yuliasni1, Setyo Budi Kurniawan2, Abudukeremu Kadier3,4,*, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah2, Peng-Cheng Ma3,4, Bekti Marlena1, Nanik Indah Setianingsih1, Dongsheng Song3,5 and Ali Moertopo Simbolon1
INTRODUCTION
NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL
BIOREMEDIATION AGENTS
Bacteria as Bioremediation Agents of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Environment
Fungal Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Environment
Algae as Bioremediation Agent of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Environment
Commercialized Product of Microbial Agents for Hydrocarbon Remediation
APPLICATION STRATEGIES AND PRACTICES
In-situ Bioremediation
Ex-situ Bioremediation
FACTOR AFFECTING BIOREMEDIATION
Temperature
Substances Bioavailability
Oxygen or Alternate Electron Acceptors
Nutrients
MATRICES TO BE REMEDIATED
Soil Bioremediation
Water Bioremediation
Sludge Bioremediation
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons
Grace N. Ijoma1, Weiz Nurmahomed1, Tonderayi S. Matambo1, Charles Rashama1 and Joshua Gorimbo1,*
INTRODUCTION
Hydrocarbon Pollution Effects on Macrobiota
Hydrocarbon Pollution Effects on Microbiota
The Fate of Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Environment
Weathering, Physical and Chemical Interactions with the Terrestrial Environment
Weathering, Physical and Chemical Interactions within the Terrestrial Environment
Reasons for Hydrocarbon Recalcitrance to Biodegradation
Ecotoxicology: Consortia Stress Responses, Tolerance and Adaptation
Rate-limiting Nutrients: Changes in Nitrogen Flux
Changes in Microbial Population Dynamics
Microbial Consortia Interactions Employed in the Degradation of Hydrocarbons
Fortuitous Degradation
Cometabolism
Synergism
Multi-phasic Degradation
Genetic Exchange
Mechanisms of Microbial Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons
Aerobic Microbial Pathways for the Degradation of Hydrocarbons
Aerobic Degradation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aerobic Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Anaerobic Microbial Pathways for the Degradation of Hydrocarbons
Anaerobic Degradation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Anaerobic Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Microbial Adaptive Features Developed for the Degradation of Hydrocarbons
Bacteria
Biosurfactants Production by Bacteria
Bacteria Consortia Formation and Cooperation
Quorum Sensing by Bacteria Consortia
Fungi
Fungal Biosurfactants
Multispecificity of Ligninolytic enzymes in White Rot Fungi
Algae
Microalgae Consortium
Interspecific Interactions
Hydrocarbon Bioremediation Strategies
Approaches to Bioremediation
Bioattenuation
Biostimulation
Bioaugmentation
Seeding with Naturally Occurring (Endogenous) Microorganisms
Seeding with Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
Hydrocarbon Microbial Bioremediation Technologies
Factors Affecting the Application of Bioremediation Technologies
Nature of Hydrocarbon Pollutants
Bioavailability
Dissolvability
Redox potential
Stereochemistry
Low-Medium Toxicity Range
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Temperature
pH
Temperature and pH
Soil Type
Water Activity
Other Factors affecting Bioremediation Treatments
Oxygen Availability
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation Technologies
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Microbial Bioremediation of Microplastics
Manish Kumar Singh1, Younus Raza Beg2, Gokul Ram Nishad2 and Priyanka Singh2,*
INTRODUCTION
Types
Sources: There are several sources of microplastics, some of which are being discussed here.
Effects
BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS/MICROPLASTICS
Microbial Degradation
Bacteria-mediated Degradation
Fungi-Mediated Degradation
Algae-mediated Degradation
Biofilm-mediated Degradation
Animal-mediated Degradation
Plant-mediated Degradation
MECHANISM OF BODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS/ MICROPLASTICS
Biodegradation of Polyethylene
Biodegradation of Nylon
Biodegradation of Polyester, Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCE
Microbial Degradation of Plastics
Geetanjali1, Vikram Singh2 and Ram Singh3,*
INTRODUCTION
MICROORGANISM FOR PLASTIC DEGRADATION
Bacterial Degradation
Fungal Degradation
Degradation in Marine Habitats
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Characteristic Features of Plastic Microbial Degradation
Soumyaranjan Senapati1, Sreelipta Das1 and Alok Kumar Panda1,*
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CATEGORIES OF PLASTICS
Natural Plastics
Biodegradable Synthetic Plastics
Bio-Based Biodegradable Plastics
Fossil Based Biodegradable Plastics
Biodegradable Polymer Blends
Non-biodegradable Synthetic Plastics
PLASTIC DEGRADATION
Conventional Degradation Methods
Biodegradation Methods
Microbial Biodegradation of Plastics
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MICROBIAL BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTIC
Exposure Conditions (Abiotic and Biotic)
Polymer Properties
Crystallinity
Plasticizer
Biosurfactants
Moisture
Temperature and pH
Enzymes
Molecular Weight
Shape and Size
Tacticity and Flexibility
Blend
ROLE OF DIFFERENT MICROBES IN PLASTIC DEGRADATION
Bacteria
Fungi
Mechanism of Degradation of Plastic and Microplastic by Microorganisms
Different Enzymes in Microbial Degradation of Plastic
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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