Biorefinery for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Contents
Wastewater as a Feasible Feedstock for Biorefineries
1 Introduction
2 Wastewater as a Microorganism Source and Substrate
3 Use of Wastewater to Produce Biocompounds
4 Biomass Pretreatment Wastewater Recycling
5 Wastewater-Based Bioenergy Production
5.1 Biogas
5.2 Bioethanol
5.3 Biodiesel
5.4 Biohydrogen
6 Is Wastewater a Feasible Feedstock for Biorefineries?
References
An Overview of Nanomaterials—Synthesis, and Their Applications for Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Wastewater: Source and Composition
3 Common Wastewater Treatment Methodology
4 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
4.1 Nano Photocatalyst
4.2 Nano and Micromotors
4.3 Nanomembranes
4.4 Nano Sorbents
5 Removal of Pollutants by Using Nanotechnology
5.1 Heavy Metal Removal
5.2 Removal of Pesticides and Dyes
6 Nanocomposite Reuse
7 Risks Associated with Nanotechnology
7.1 Effect on Human Health
7.2 Ecotoxicity
8 Conclusion
References
Biogas as a Value Generation in Industrial Wastewater—A Review
1 Introduction
2 Renewable Energy Resources
3 Biogas Source
4 Process of Production of Biogas
5 Biological Process
6 Pretreatment Technologies Used in Biogas Production
7 Biogas Production from PET Industrial Wastewater
8 Biogas Production from Municipal Sewage Sludge
9 Biogas Production from Cassava Plant Industrial Wastewater
10 Conclusion
References
Nanotechnology-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Based Nano-adsorbents
3 Metal-Based Nano-adsorbents
4 Nano-adsorbents Based on Polymer
5 Zeolites
6 Nanomaterials Role in Wastewater Treatment
6.1 TiO2 (Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide) Nanoparticles
6.2 Nanomaterials Based on Carbon
6.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
6.4 Silver Nanoparticles
7 Wastewater Treatment by Using Membrane Based Techniques
7.1 Polymer-Matrix Nano-composite Membranes
7.2 Cellulose-Based Membranes
7.3 Metal Oxide Membranes
7.4 GO-Based Membranes
8 Detection and Screening of Water Contaminants
8.1 Biosensors
8.2 Biosensors Application in the Monitoring of Wastewater Pollutants
8.3 Fluorescent Chemosensors
8.4 Gold Particle
9 Valuable Products Derived from Waste Water Activated Sludge: A Bio-refinery Concept
9.1 Poly-glutamic Acid Production as a Bioproduct of Wastewater Treatment
9.2 Lipid Extraction from Sludge
10 Conclusion
References
Municipal Wastewater as Potential Bio-refinery
1 Introduction
2 Potential of Municipal Waste Water Pollutant
3 Concept of Wastewater Biorefinery
3.1 Initial or Preparatory Treatment
3.2 Primary Treatment
3.3 Secondary Municipal Wastewater Treatment
3.4 Advanced or Tertiary Wastewater Treatment
4 Application of Wastewater Biorefinery
4.1 Different Categories of Raw Material for Wastewater Biorefineries
4.2 Waste Water Source for Production of Valuable Products
4.3 Wastewater Biorefineries Source for Irrigation
4.4 Prevent Waterborne Pollution
5 Integration of Waste Water Treatment
6 Bioreactor Design Requirement of Wastewater
7 Designs
7.1 Stirred Tank Reactor for Aerobic Treatment of Waste Water
7.2 Flatplate Photobioreactors
7.3 Plastic Bag Photobioreactor
7.4 Packed Bed Biofilm Reactors
7.5 Moving Bed Bioreactors
7.6 Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactors
8 Conclusions
References
Bio-diesel Production as a Promising Approach of Industrial Wastewater Bio-refinery
1 Introduction
2 Classification Based on Different Sources and Properties of Biodiesel
2.1 Different Sources of Biodiesel
2.2 Properties of Biodiesel
3 Microalgae as a Precursor of Bio-diesel Production
3.1 Current Microalgae Biofuel Production Scenario
3.2 Impacts of Different Culture Parameters on Microalgae CO2 Sequestration and Lipid Accumulation
3.3 Economic Overview
3.4 Microalgae Cultivation in Wastewater for Biodiesel Production
3.5 Production of Biomass Utilizing Microalgae Grown in Wastewater
4 Mechanism of Biodiesel Production
4.1 Algal Biology
4.2 Growth of Microalgae In Vitro
4.3 Algae Culture Systems
4.4 Microalgae Harvesting
4.5 Transesterification Reaction
4.6 Ignition Delay and Cetane Number (CN)
5 Biodiesel Wastewater and Its Treatment
5.1 Biodiesel Wastewater
5.2 Biodiesel Wastewater Treatment
6 Conclusion
References
Nutrient Recovery and Utilization from Wastewater for Soil-Less Agriculture
1 Introduction
2 Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Using Microalgae, Bacteria and Other Sources
2.1 Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Using Microalgae
2.2 Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Using Bacteria
2.3 Retrieval of Nutrients from Food Waste by Anaerobic Digestion Process
2.4 Metals and Nutrients Recovery from Wastewater Using Bioelectrochemical Systems
3 Hydroponic System: Type, Media Substrate and Uses
3.1 Hydroponics System
3.2 Types of Hydroponics System
3.3 Uses of Hydroponics
4 Use of Wastewater Nutrients in Hydroponic System
5 Nitrogen, Phosphorus Removal in Hydroponic Wastewater Treatment Plant
6 Conclusion
References
Industrial Wastewater to Biohydrogen Production via Potential Bio-refinery Route
1 Introduction
2 Microalgal Biorefinery Approach
3 Mechanism of Wastewater Treatment via Biochemical Approach
4 Industrial Effluent as a Potential Renewable Substrate for Biohydrogen Generation via Biorefinery Approach
5 Microbial Biocatalysts
5.1 Pure Strain Biocatalysts
5.2 Mixed Culture Biocatalysts
6 Microalgae-Based Technologies
6.1 Low-Cost Microalgae Cultivation Strategies
6.2 Downstream Processes
7 Limitations and Improvement Routes
7.1 Microbial Ecosystem Issues
7.2 Enhancement Strategies
8 Conclusion
References
Development of a Novel Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) System for Treating Milk Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Development of Novel Lab-Scale UASB System
3 Functions of Operational Conditions of UASB System
4 Performance of UASB Under Different Sludge Circulation Flowrates
5 Performance of UASB Reactor with Biogas Recirculation
6 Conclusions and Remarks
References
Biofertilizer from Industrial Waste Water by Microalgal Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Waste Water
2.1 Waste Water Classification
2.2 Characteristics of Waste Water
2.3 Waste Water Treatment
3 Biofertilizer
3.1 Types of Biofertilizer
3.2 Biofertilizer Production
4 Microalgae Production and Harvesting
4.1 Production
4.2 Harvesting
5 Factors Influencing the Growth of Microalgae
5.1 Light
5.2 Temperature
5.3 Nutrients
5.4 Mixing
5.5 pH and Salinity
6 Conclusion
References
Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technologies for Treatment of Tannery Waste Water and Biogas Production
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Tannery Effluent
2.2 Treatment Methods
2.3 Drawbacks of Conventional Wastewater Treatment
2.4 Need for Anaerobic Treatment
3 Membrane Separation Processes
3.1 Types of Membrane
4 Membrane Bio-reactor (MBR)
4.1 Advantages of MBR
4.2 Disadvantages of MBR
5 Aerobic MBR
5.1 Configurations of AeMBR
5.2 Diffusive MBRs
5.3 Extractive Membrane Bioreactors (eMBRs)
6 Anaerobic MBR
6.1 Types
6.2 Configurations of AnMBR
6.3 Advantages of AnMBR
6.4 Disadvantages of AnMBR
References
Emerging Technologies for Separation and Recycle of Phosphorous from Sewage Sludge for Hydroponic Farming System
1 Introduction
2 Composition of Sewage Sludge Contaminating Soil and Water Table
2.1 Heavy Metal Toxicity from Sewage Sludge Utilization in Agriculture
2.2 Nutrient Composition and Heavy Metal Concentration in Sewage Sludge Produced in India and Abroad
3 Hydroponics Farming System
3.1 Benefits of Hydroponic Farming System
3.2 Components of Hydroponics System
3.3 Types of Hydroponic System
4 Nutrient Recovery Pathway for Phosphorous
4.1 Common Methods for Phosphorous Recovery
4.2 Phosphorus Removal Pathways
4.3 Phosphorous Recovered Products from Sewage
5 Advanced Technologies for Phosphorous Recovery from Sewage
5.1 Modified UCT Method
5.2 Incorporation of (EBPR) in MBR, GSR and SBRs
5.3 Modified Bardenpho Processes
5.4 RAVITA Technology
6 Conclusion
References
Recent Development and Innovations in Integrated Biogas-Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Renewable Energy
2.1 Types of Renewable Energy Sources
3 Potential Substrates for Biogas Production
3.1 Wood and Wood Waste
3.2 Municipal Solid Waste
3.3 Agricultural Waste
3.4 Municipal Waste
3.5 Industrial Waste
4 Production Technology for Biogas Generation
4.1 Biochemical Reactions During Anaerobic Digestion
5 Critical Factors Affecting Biogas Production
5.1 pH
5.2 Temperature
5.3 Feed Composition
5.4 (C/N) Ratio
5.5 Particle Size
5.6 Inoculum Concentration
6 Pre-treatment Technologies Used in Biogas Production
7 Microbial Diversity in Biogas Production
8 Reactor Designs and Adopted Technologies for Biogas Production
8.1 Anaerobic Plug-Flow Reactor (APFR)
8.2 Continuous Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR)
8.3 Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor
8.4 Anaerobic Contact Reactor (ACR)
8.5 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
8.6 The Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge-Bed Reactor (UASBR)
8.7 Biofilm Reactor
9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Integration of Membrane Technology in Microalgal Photobioreactor for Biodiesel Production Along with Industrial Wastewater Remediation: A Green Approach
1 Introduction
2 Microalgal Application in Wastewater Treatment and Its Cultivation
3 Conventional Methods for Microalgal Cultivation
4 Suspended Growth Systems
5 Open Ponds
6 Closed Reactors (Photobioreactor)
7 Immobilized Cultures
8 Matrix-Immobilized Microalgae
9 Algal Biofilms
10 Integration of Membrane Photobioreactor in Wastewater Treatment
11 Microalgal Harvesting Methods
12 Chemical Based Methods
13 Mechanical Based Methods
14 Electrical Based Method
15 Biological Based Methods
16 Future Prospects
17 Conclusion
References
Microbial Lipids as a Source of Value-Added Products: A Biorefinery Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Oleaginous Microorganisms
3 Biochemistry of Microbial Lipid Accumulation
4 Fermentative Production of Microbial Lipids
5 Biowaste and Waste Water as a Feedstock for Microbial Oils Production
6 Metabolic Engineering Approaches to Enhance Microbial Lipid Production
7 Significance and Major Applications of Single Cell Oils
7.1 SCO in Fuel Applications
7.2 SCO in Food Applications
7.3 Other Prospective Applications of SCOs
8 Impact of Microbial Lipids on Biobased Economy
9 Technological Challenges, Drawbacks and Limitations of Microbial Lipid Based Biorefinery Concept
10 Future Prospects
References
Bio-fertigation of Different Industrial Waste
1 Introduction
2 Types of Waste
2.1 Liquid
2.2 Solid
3 Treatment Methods
3.1 Physical
3.2 Chemical
3.3 Biological
4 Production and Application of Manure/Biofertilizer from Different Industrial Waste
4.1 Slaughter House
4.2 Dairy
4.3 Agriculture
4.4 Aquaculture
4.5 Rubber
4.6 Paper
4.7 Petroleum
4.8 Pharmaceutical
4.9 Textile
4.10 Tannery
4.11 Poultry
5 Deliverable and Value Added Products
5.1 Biofertilizer
5.2 Biogas
5.3 Manure
5.4 Irrigation
6 Conclusion
References
Biogas as a Value Generation from Dairy Industrial Waste Water
1 Introduction
1.1 Industrial Waste Water
1.2 Sources of Industrial Wastewater
1.3 Characteristics of Industrial Waste Water
2 Waste Water Treatment Levels
2.1 Preliminary Treatment
2.2 Primary Treatment
2.3 Secondary Treatment
2.4 Tertiary Treatment
3 Dairy Industrial Waste Water Treatment
3.1 Operations in a Dairy Industry
3.2 Dairy Wastes Are Made up of (Rao and Datta 2012)
3.3 Composition of the Waste Water of Typical Dairy Industries (Rao and Datta 2012)
3.4 The Sourced of the Dairy Industry Wastewater (Tawfika et al. 2008; Yonar et al.)
3.5 Effects of Dairy Effluents
4 Biogas Production
4.1 Anaerobic Digestion
4.2 Theory
4.3 Methodology (Onyimba and Nwaukwu)
4.4 Biogas Production Procedure from Anaerobic Digester
4.5 Factors Affecting Biogas Production
4.6 Merits of Biogas
4.7 Disadvantages of Biogas
5 Future Aspects
6 Conclusion
References
Integration of Biogas Production from Wastewater as Value Generation in Biorefineries
1 Introduction
2 Overview of Biogas Production
3 Renewable Sources to Produce Biogas
4 Biogas from Wastewater
5 Biogas Integration from Wastewater to Biorefinery: Use and Production
5.1 Barriers and Challenges in Production and Utilization of Biogas
5.2 Strategies to Improvement of Biogas Production
6 Conclusion
References
Bioprospecting of Microorganisms for Novel and Industrially Relevant Enzymes
1 Introduction
2 Biocatalytic Valorization of Lignocellulose
2.1 Cellulose Saccharification Systems
2.2 Microbial Sources of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes
3 Different Strategies for Prospecting Novel Enzymes
3.1 Function-Based Screening of Microorganisms
3.2 In Silico Sequenced Based Screening
3.3 Role of Metagenomics in Biorefinery
3.4 Synergistic Metabolic Activities of Microbial Consortium
3.5 Synthetic Biology Creating the Pathways to High Value End Products
4 Future Perspectives
5 Conclusion
References
Microbial Fuel Cell Usage in Treatment, Resource Recovery and Energy Production from Bio-refinery Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 MFC and Its Working Principle
3 MFC Construction and Its Components
3.1 Anode Materials
3.2 Cathode Materials
4 Effects of Anodes in MFC
4.1 Effect of Anode on Pollutants Removal
4.2 Anode as Energy Production Factor
5 Opportunities and Challenges
6 Conclusion
References
Microbiotechnology-Based Solutions for Removal and Valorization of Waste in Pulp and Paper Industry
1 Introduction
2 Generation of Waste in the P&P Industry
2.1 Industrial Lignin and the Delignification Process
2.2 Deinking Process
2.3 Papermaking Process
3 Approaches to Classical Microbiological Valorization
3.1 Wastewater Treatment Plants
3.2 Treatment, Disposal and Valorization of Sludge
3.3 Classical Bioaugmentation Based Approaches
4 Advanced Treatment and Valorization Approaches
4.1 Pre-treatment of Bulk Waste Using Cavitation
4.2 General Characteristics of Microbes
4.3 Starting a WTP Using Synthetic Bacterial Consortia
5 Microbiological Valorization: Case-by-Case
5.1 Case 1: Microbiological Treatment of Process Water
5.2 Case 2: Valorization of Lignin Waste Using Bacteria
6 Conclusions
References
Promising Approach of Industrial Wastewater Bio-refinery Through Bio-diesel Production
1 Introduction
2 Wastewater Characteristics
3 Water Sources
4 Wastewater Treatment
5 Wastewater Treatment and Algal Biofuels
6 Microalgae Cultivation
6.1 Photoautotrophic Open Cultivation System
6.2 Photoautotrophic Closed Cultivation System
6.3 Photoautotrophic Closed Cultivation System
6.4 Heterotrophic Cultivation System
7 Advantages of Microalgae as a Biofuel Source
8 Wastewater Microalgal Farming for Biofuel Production
9 Biodiesel
10 Potentials, Challenges, and Future Prospects
11 Conclusion
References