Biomimicry for Aerospace: Technologies and Applications

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BIOMIMICRY FOR AEROSPACE
BIOMIMICRY FOR AEROSPACE Technologies and Applications
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Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 - Biomimicry in aerospace: Education, design and inspiration
One - Biomimicry and biodesign for innovation in future space colonization
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The entrepreneurial space industry
1.2.1 The entrepreneurial space industry urgently needs design
1.2.2 Habitability, static environments, and the need to create ad hoc solutions
1.2.3 Additive and in situ manufacturing in aerospace: Needs and implications
1.2.4 Next steps toward biodesign in space colonization
1.3 From biomimicry and bio-inspired design to bio-enhanced and biohybrid design, technology, and innovation
1.3.1 Next Nature, Material Ecology, and Biodesign
1.3.1.1 Next Nature
1.3.1.2 Material Ecology
1.3.1.3 Biodesign
1.3.2 Hybrid approaches to nature, culture, and emerging technologies for aerospace
1.3.3 Other considerations and potential future implications
1.4 Applied research into biomimetic and algorithmic design
1.4.1 How algorithmic design is enhancing the biomimetic approach
1.4.2 Behavioral protocols: using inner and outer forces
1.4.3 Behavioral protocols: Absorbing the context
1.4.4 Bio-affected protocols and in situ manufacturing technologies: A potential for future planetary colonization
1.5 Bio-inspired, bio-enhanced, and biohybrid engineering: Speculative design concepts for space colonization
1.6 Current research in the Dubai Institute of Design and Innovation: Case studies with undergraduate students
1.6.1 Case study one: “Cryo-Slug”
1.6.2 Case study two: “Growing Materials”
1.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
TWO - A bio-inspired design and space challenges cornerstone project
2.1 Introduction
2.2 NASA challenges
2.3 Ask Nature strategy research
2.4 Challenges and strategies diagrams
2.5 Strategies illustration
2.6 Designing and drawing the bio-inspired design solution
2.7 Data analysis
2.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
THREE - Toward systematic nature-inspired problem-solving for aerospace applications and beyond
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biomimicry tool landscape
3.3 Virtual interchange for Nature-inspired Exploration: 2019 Biocene Tools Workshop
3.3.1 Purpose of the Biocene Tools Workshop
3.3.2 Workshop objectives and activities
3.3.3 Biocene meeting output
3.3.4 Biocene meeting results
3.4 Analysis and discussion
3.5 Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Four - Parallels in communication technology and natural phenomena
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Schmitt Trigger: Biomimetics and synchronicity
4.3 Sense and avoid: Collective motion in bird flocks and aircraft formations
4.4 Periodic structures: Crystals and electronic filters
4.5 Charles Darwin: Butterflies, genetic algorithms and microwave antennas
4.6 Color and light: Butterflies and dichroic mirrors
4.7 Smart materials: Artificial muscles and antennas
4.8 Whispers: Cathedrals and virus detectors
4.9 Spookiness: Quantum entanglement and advanced cryptography
4.10 Noise: Communications
4.11 Summary and conclusions
References
Five - Atacama Desert: Genius of place
5.1 Atacama Desert
5.1.1 Atacama aridity
5.1.2 Natural history of Atacama Desert
5.1.3 Operating conditions
5.1.4 Biogeochemical cycles in the Atacama Desert
5.1.4.1 Carbon cycle
5.1.4.2 Nitrogen cycle
5.1.4.3 Iodine cycle
5.2 Strategies adopted by species to survive in the Atacama Desert
5.2.1 Llareta (Azorella compacta)
5.2.1.1 Llareta biological strategy—adaptation
5.2.1.2 Llareta design principles
5.2.1.3 Llareta application ideas
5.2.1.4 Llareta further design considerations
5.2.2 Desert Holly (Atriplex atacamensis)
5.2.2.1 Desert holly biological strategy—adaptation
5.2.2.2 Desert holly design principles
5.2.2.3 Desert holly application ideas
5.2.3 Tamarugo (Prosopis tamarugo)
5.2.3.1 Tamarugo biological strategy—adaptation
5.2.3.2 Tamarugo design principles
5.2.3.3 Tamarugo application ideas
5.2.4 Desert saltgrass (Distichlis spicata)
5.2.4.1 Desert saltgrass biological strategy—adaptation
5.2.4.2 Desert saltgrass design principles
5.2.4.3 Desert saltgrass application ideas
5.2.5 Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)
5.2.5.1 Vicuña biological strategy—adaptation
5.2.5.2 Vicuña design principles
5.2.5.3 Vicuña application ideas
5.2.5.4 Vicuña further design considerations
5.2.6 Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)
5.2.6.1 Guanaco biological strategy—adaptation
5.2.6.2 Guanaco design principles
5.2.6.3 Guanaco application ideas
5.3 Discussion
5.4 Conclusions
References
2 - Bio-inspired design: Aerospace and other practical applications
SIX - Bio-inspired design and additive manufacturing of cellular materials
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Cellular materials
6.1.2 Additive manufacturing
6.1.3 Bio-inspired design
6.2 Cellular materials design
6.2.1 Cell selection
6.2.2 Cell size distribution
6.2.3 Cell parameters
6.2.4 Integration
6.3 Cellular materials in nature
6.3.1 Unit cell selection
6.3.1.1 Tessellation
6.3.1.2 Elements
6.3.1.3 Connectivity
6.3.2 Cell size distribution
6.3.3 Cell parameter optimization
6.3.4 Integration
6.4 Additive manufacturing design constraints
6.4.1 Feature resolution and fidelity
6.4.2 Dimensional accuracy
6.4.3 Scale dependence
6.4.4 Orientation dependence
6.5 Toward a methodology: Honeycomb panel case study
6.5.1 Morphology
6.5.2 Design
6.5.3 Validation
6.6 Summary
References
Seven - Biomimetic course design exploration for improved NASA zero gravity exercise equipment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 University of Akron biomimicry course: Response to NASA design challenge
7.2.1 Course framework
7.2.2 Background of NASA's design challenge
7.2.3 Problem description
7.3 Biomimetic improvements to the exercise device box and accessories
7.3.1 Selection of biological role models
7.3.2 Foldable structures for improved functionality
7.3.2.1 Deployable honeycomb sandwich structures
7.3.2.2 Unfolding pattern of beach leaves
7.3.2.3 Mechanics of the primary feathers of pigeon wings
7.3.2.4 Alternative design suggestions
7.3.3 Hook and loop fastener shoes for increased exercise adhesion
7.3.4 Exercise program
7.4 Biomimetic improvements to ropes and cables
7.4.1 Biological model refinement
7.4.2 Fish fin–inspired modular rope design
7.4.3 Hierarchical structuring of ropes
7.4.4 Sandfish-inspired abrasion reduction of ropes
7.4.5 Pulley lubrication using electroosmosis
7.5 Conclusions and future work
Acknowledgments
References
Eight - Biomimetics of boxfish: Designing an aerodynamically efficient passenger car
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methodology
8.2.1 Biomimetic design process
8.2.2 Aerodynamics of a yellow boxfish
8.2.2.1 Simplified boxfish model
8.2.2.2 Wind tunnel study
8.2.3 Biomimetic design of a one-box type car
8.2.4 Numerical study
8.2.4.1 Computational domain
8.2.4.2 Meshing
8.2.4.3 Boundary conditions and solver setup
8.3 Results and discussion
8.3.1 Boxfish aerodynamics
8.3.2 Aerodynamics of the biomimetic car
8.3.3 Computational fluid dynamics comparison study
8.3.3.1 Pressure distribution
8.3.3.2 Pressure contour
8.3.3.3 Velocity contour
8.3.3.4 Streamlines
8.4 Conclusions
References
Nine - Thresholds of nature: How understanding one of nature's penultimate laws led to the PowerCone, a biomimetic ...
9.1 Background—thresholds abound
9.1.1 The generalized Navier–Stokes equation
9.2 The moment of inspiration
9.3 Maple key aerodynamics
9.4 The first prototypes
9.5 Wind tunnel testing a PowerCone
9.6 Time-Dependent Energy Transfer and thresholds
9.7 Changing fluids: Tidal testing a PowerCone
9.8 New computational frontiers: PowerCone
9.9 Conclusion: Full-Scale Testing
References
3 - Biomimicry and foundational aerospace disciplines
Ten - Slithering across worlds—snake-inspired robots for extraterrestrial exploration
10.1 Bio-inspired design
10.2 Identifying the problem—traversing other worlds
10.3 Searching planetary analogs for a natural model
10.4 Snake locomotion—turning obstacles into advantages
10.4.1 Lateral undulation
10.4.2 Sidewinding
10.4.3 Concertina
10.4.4 Rectilinear
10.4.5 More than four modes
10.4.6 Unknowns
10.5 Replicating snakes' success—bio-inspired snake robots
10.6 Applications and mission profiles
10.7 Conclusion: Bio-inspired snake robots for extraterrestrial exploration
References
Eleven - Biomimetic advances in photovoltaics with potential aerospace applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Solar applications in aerospace
11.2.1 Background and short history
11.2.2 Solar cell figures of merit
11.2.3 Unique issues for space solar cells
11.3 Classes of solar cells
11.3.1 Conventional solar cells
11.3.2 Excitonic solar cells
11.3.3 Majority versus minority carrier devices
11.4 Losses in solar cells
11.4.1 Intrinsic losses
11.4.2 Extrinsic losses
11.4.3 Approaches to overcoming losses
11.5 Bio-inspired approaches for enhanced photovoltaics
11.5.1 Active layer optimization
11.5.2 Integrating natural patterns
11.5.2.1 Diatom-based structures
11.5.2.2 Butterfly-based structures
11.5.3 Bio-inspired dyes and additives
11.5.4 Texturing inspired by nature
11.5.5 Insect-inspired light management
11.6 Bioinspiration and solar concentrators
11.7 Honeycomb surface structures
11.8 Bio-inspired surface area enhancement
11.9 Modeling and simulation for photovoltaic power output optimization
11.10 Concluding remarks: Future outlook
References
Twelve - Electric aircraft cooling with bio-inspired exergy management
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Technology barriers for air vehicle adoption
12.3 Fault management challenge
12.4 Thermal management challenge
12.5 Integrated fault and thermal management
12.6 High-exergy heat extraction
12.7 Acoustic exergy pumping tubes
12.8 Thermally redirectable heat pipes
12.9 Integrated TREES system operation and test results summary
12.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Thirteen - Surrogate model-driven bio-inspired optimization algorithms for large-scale and high-dimensional problems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Surrogate models
13.2.1 Generalized procedure for surrogate model construction
13.2.1.1 Step 1: Preparation of data and selection of modeling approach
13.2.1.2 Step 2: Parameter estimation and training
13.2.2 Surrogate model testing
13.3 Types of surrogate models
13.3.1 Polynomial regression models
13.3.1.1 Introduction to the polynomial regression model
13.3.1.2 Least square error minimization for parameter estimation
13.3.1.3 Accuracy of the polynomial regression model
13.3.1.4 Two example polynomial regression models for large-scale structures
13.3.2 Support vector regression
13.3.3 Gaussian process regression modeling
13.3.3.1 Prediction with Gaussian processes
13.3.3.2 Determination of Kriging hyperparameters
13.4 Surrogate model-driven bio-inspired optimization algorithm
13.4.1 Genetic algorithm
13.4.2 Surrogate model-driven genetic algorithm
13.4.3 Particle swarm optimization
13.4.4 Surrogate model-driven particle swarm optimization
13.4.5 Other bio-inspired algorithms
13.4.5.1 Firefly algorithm
13.4.5.2 Krill herd algorithm
13.4.5.3 Marine predators algorithm
13.4.5.4 Artificial bee colony algorithm
13.4.5.5 Artificial immune optimization algorithm
13.5 Concluding remarks
References
Thirteen . Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
4 - Bio-inspired materials, manufacturing and structures
Fourteen - Advancing research efforts in biomimicry to develop nature-inspired materials, processes for space explo ...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Functional surfaces
14.2.1 Antifouling coatings and bioadhesion
14.2.2 Sustainable dust mitigation through a bio-inspired approach
14.2.3 Self-cleaning surfaces
14.2.4 Research on bio-inspired icephobic coatings and materials
14.2.5 Nature-inspired design for abrasion resistance
14.3 Bio-inspired structural polymers and composites
14.3.1 Self-healable materials
14.3.2 Processes to develop self-healing materials
14.3.3 Lightweight, self-replicating aerospace materials and structures
14.4 Advanced materials processing technologies
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Fifteen - Space applications for gecko-inspired adhesives
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Physical principles
15.1.2 Geometry and contact mechanics
15.1.3 Practical issues to address to enable utilization
15.2 Materials and adhesive types
15.2.1 Fibers and hairlike structures
15.2.2 Lamellae
15.2.3 Mushroom-shaped pillars
15.2.4 Directional mushroom pillars
15.3 Material choices for space applications of dry adhesives
15.3.1 Silicone rubbers
15.3.2 Polyurethanes
15.3.3 Polyimides
15.3.4 Thermoplastic elastomers
15.3.5 Fluoroelastomers
15.3.6 Carbon nanotubes
15.4 Applications of dry adhesives
15.4.1 Robot grasping for inspection and manipulation
15.4.1.1 Rigid Gecko Robot
15.4.1.2 Whegs and Waalbot concepts
15.4.1.3 Spider inspired robots
15.4.1.4 Gecko-inspired adhesives or microspines for climbing
15.4.1.5 Tank tread climbing robots
15.4.2 Grasping of satellites and other free flying material
15.4.2.1 Robotic arms
15.4.2.2 Use of shape memory alloys
15.4.2.3 Soft robotics
15.4.3 Space debris capture
15.4.4 Wearable adhesives: Durability, types of adhesives, and on–off mechanisms
15.5 Challenges for dry adhesives specific to space environments
15.5.1 Outgassing
15.5.2 Atomic oxygen
15.5.3 Temperature
15.5.4 Radiation
15.6 Summary and conclusions
References
Sixteen - Automated electronic integrated circuit manufacturing on the Moon and Mars: Possibilities of the developm ...
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Important steps in semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing
16.3 Materials required for integrated circuit fabrication: Availability on the Moon and Mars
16.4 The status of automated semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing
16.5 Additional technological requirements for establishing automated integrated circuit manufacturing units on the Moon and Mars
16.6 Possibilities of development of bio-inspired semiconductor technology for space applications
16.7 Discussion
16.8 Conclusions
References
Seventeen - Smart deployable space structures inspired by nature
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Deployable structures
17.1.2 Shape-changing structures
17.2 Bio-inspired smart structures
17.2.1 Inspired by nature
17.2.1.1 Nature's deployables
17.2.1.2 Nature's shape-shifters
17.3 Mechanical analogs
17.3.1 Deployable cells
17.3.2 Shape changing structure
17.3.3 Organism's architecture-inspired structure
17.3.4 Self-folding origami structure
17.4 Conclusions
References
Index
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