Издательство Idea Group, 2006, -291 pp.Personal identification and verification both play a critical role in our society. Today, more and more business activities and work practices are computerized. E-commerce applications, such as e-banking, or security applications, such as building access, demand fast, real-time and accurate personal identification. Traditional knowledge-based or token-based personal identification or verification systems are tedious, time-consuming, inefficient and expensive.
Knowledge-based approaches use "something that you know" (such as passwords and personal identification numbers) for personal identification; token-based approaches, on the other hand, use "something that you have" (such as passports or credit cards) for the same purpose. Tokens (e.g., credit cards) are time-consuming and expensive to replace. Passwords (e.g., for computer login and e-mail accounts) are hard to remember. A company may spend $14 to $28 (U.S.) on handling a password reset, and about 19% of help-desk calls are related to the password reset problem. This may suggest that the traditional knowledge-based password protection is unsatisfactory. Since these approaches are not based on any inherent attribute of an individual in the identification process, they are unable to differentiate between an authorized person and an impostor who fraudulently acquires the "token" or "knowledge" of the authorized person. These shortcomings have led to biometrics identification or verification systems becoming the focus of the research community in recent years.
Biometrics, which refers to automatic recognition of people based on their distinctive anatomical (e.g., face, fingerprint, iris, etc.) and behavioral (e.g., online/off-line signature, voice, gait, etc.) characteristics, is a hot topic nowadays, since there is a growing need for secure transaction processing using reliable methods. Biometrics-based authentication can overcome some of the limitations of the traditional automatic personal identification technologies, but still, new algorithms and solutions are required.
After the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the interest in biometrics-based security solutions and applications has increased dramatically, especially in the need to spot potential criminals in crowds. This further pushes the demand for the development of different biometrics products. For example, some airlines have implemented iris recognition technology in airplane control rooms to prevent any entry by unauthorized persons. In 2004, all Australian international airports implemented passports using face recognition technology for airline crews, and this eventually became available to all Australian passport holders. A steady rise in revenues is predicted from biometrics for 2002-2007, from $928 million in 2003 to $4.035 million in 2007.
Biometrics involves the automatic identification of an individual based on his physiological or behavioral characteristics. In a non-sophisticated way, biometrics has existed for centuries. Parts of our bodies and aspects of our behavior have historically been used as a means of identification. The study of finger images dates back to ancient China; we often remember and identify a person by his or her face, or by the sound of his or her voice; and signature is the established method of authentication in banking, for legal contracts and many other walks of life.An Introduction to Biometrics Image Discrimination (BID)
Principal Component Analysis
Linear Discriminant Analysis
PCA/LDA Applications in Biometrics
Statistical Uncorrelation Analysis
Solutions of LDA for Small Sample Size Problems
An Improved LDA Approach
Discriminant DCT Feature Extraction
Other Typical BID Improvements
Advanced BID Technologies
Complete Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis
Two-Directional PCA/LDA
Feature Fusion Using Complex Discriminator
