Biomass-Derived Materials for Environmental Applications

Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter1 - (Radio)toxic metal ion adsorption by plant fibers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Adsorbent preparation, experimental procedures, and data evaluation
1.3 Adsorption studies
1.3.1 Maximum adsorption capacities
1.3.2 Thermodynamic data
1.3.3 Kinetic data
1.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter2 - The utilization of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed shells as adsorbent for water pollution remediation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Adsorbent preparation
2.3 Specific surface area of adsorbents
2.4 Adsorbent performance
2.5 Equilibrium isotherm and kinetics modeling
2.6 Thermodynamics modeling
2.7 Gaps in knowledge and areas for future work
Conclusion
Disclosure statement
References
Chapter3 - Application of biochar for the removal of methylene blue from aquatic environments
3.1 Biochar
3.2 Thermochemical process for converting biomass
3.3 Methods of activation
3.3.1 Physical activation
3.3.2 Chemical activation
3.4 Biochar composites
3.5 Methylene blue
3.6 Factors affecting the adsorption process
3.6.1 Adsorbent dosage
3.6.2 Initial dye concentration
3.6.3 Contact time
3.6.4 pH of the dye solution
3.6.5 Ionic strength of solution
3.6.6 Temperature
3.6.7 Equilibrium studies
3.6.8 Kinetics studies
3.6.9 Thermodynamic studies
3.7 Role of biochar surface properties on adsorption of dye
3.7.1 Structural and chemical changes after activation
Conclusions
References
Chapter4 - Application of biochar for attenuating heavy metals in contaminated soil: potential implications and research gaps
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Heavy metals abatement/removal in soil
4.3 Biochar production techniques
4.3.1 Pyrolysis
4.3.1.1 Cellulose decomposition for biochar through pyrolysis method
4.3.1.2 Hemicellulose decomposition for biochar through pyrolysis method
4.3.1.3 Lignin decomposition for biochar through pyrolysis method
4.3.2 Hydrothermal carbonization
4.3.3 Gasification
4.3.3.1 Conditions for gasification
4.3.3.2 Limitation of gasification
4.3.3.3 Gasification steps
4.3.4 Torrefaction
4.3.4.1 Conditions for torrefaction
4.3.4.2 Limitation of torrefaction
4.4 Physical and chemical characteristics of biochar
4.5 Use of biochar for immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils
4.6 Factors affecting the immobilization efficiency of biochar
4.6.1 Feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature
4.6.2 pH
4.6.3 Organic matter
4.6.4 Application rate
4.6.5 Particle size
4.7 Mechanisms of biochar-assisted heavy metals immobilization in soils
4.7.1 Complexation
4.7.2 Precipitation
4.7.3 Electrostatic attraction
4.7.4 Ion-exchange
4.8 Engineered biochar for improving heavy metals immobilization
4.8.1 Physical modification techniques
4.8.1.1 Steam activation
4.8.1.2 Gas purging
4.8.1.3 Microwave pyrolysis
4.8.1.4 Ball milling
4.8.2 Magnetic modifications
4.8.3 Chemical modification
4.8.3.1 Hydrogen peroxide modification
4.8.3.2 Acid and alkali modification
4.8.3.3 Coating or impregnation via chemical modification
4.9 Research gaps, future directions, and conclusion
References
Chapter5 - Biomass-derived adsorbents for caffeine removal from aqueous medium
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Problem statement
5.1.2 Contamination of effluents by emerging contaminants
5.1.3 Effluents contaminated with caffeine
5.1.4 Ecotoxicity of caffeine
5.1.5 Methods for removing caffeine from effluents
5.1.6 Removal of caffeine by biosorptive processes
5.2 Synthesis, characterization, and application biomass-based adsorbents for caffeine removal
5.2.1 Biomass-derived materials synthesis and characterization
5.2.2 Caffeine removal by bioadsorptive processes in batch and dynamic systems
5.3 Critical and comparative analysis
5.3.1 Comparison of caffeine bioadsorption with other methods of removal/degradation
5.4 Future perspectives and final remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 - Carbonaceous materials-a prospective strategy for eco-friendly decontamination of wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biochar-based materials
6.2.1 Pristine biochar
6.2.2 Nature of biochar feedstock
6.2.2.1 Pyrolysis temperature
6.2.2.2 Pretreatment of feedstock
6.2.3 Activated biochar
6.2.3.1 Physical activation
6.2.3.2 Chemical activation
6.2.4 Biochar composites
6.2.4.1 Metal-based composites
6.2.4.2 Nonmetallic composites
6.3 Hydrochar-based materials
6.3.1 Pristine hydrochar
6.3.2 Modified hydrochars
6.4 Porous graphitic carbon-based materials
6.5 Future recommendations
Conclusion
References
Chapter7 - Production of carbon-based adsorbents from lignocellulosic biomass
7.1 Lignocellulosic-basic materials as adsorbents
7.2 Hydrochars, biochars, activated carbons, coals
7.3 Activation of carbon material and analytical techniques to define an activated carbon
7.4 Surface area and pore size distribution curves
7.5 Misuse of SEM in adsorption studies
7.6 Functional groups, the hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity ratio of carbon-based adsorbents
7.7 Composites of pyrolyzed lignocellulosic materials and biochars
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 - Lignin and lignin-derived products as adsorbent materials for wastewater treatment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Various lignin-derived adsorbents
8.2.1 Native lignin-based adsorbents
8.2.2 Modified lignin adsorbents
8.2.3 Magnetized lignin adsorbents
8.2.4 Lignin-based composites
8.2.5 Lignin-based hydrogels
8.2.6 Lignin-based resins
8.2.7 Lignin-based beads
8.2.8 Lignin-based nanomaterials
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 - Utilization of mussel shell to remediate soils polluted with heavy metals
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mussel shell characteristics
9.2.1 Basic data
9.2.2 Potential modifications on mussel shell to increase its pollutants removal capacity
9.3 Heavy metals adsorption/desorption on/from mussel shell
9.3.1 Characteristics of mussel shell as adsorbent surface
9.3.2 Main characteristics of heavy metals
9.3.3 Effects due to pH
9.3.3.1 Dissolution of CaCO3
9.3.3.2 Adsorbent surface
9.3.3.3 Species distribution for different heavy metals
9.3.4 Effects due to temperature
9.3.5 Competition for adsorption sites
9.3.6 Adsorption and desorption mechanisms
9.4 Soil remediation using mussel shells
9.4.1 Mine soils
9.4.2 Vineyard soils
9.5 Remarks and perspectives of future research
References
Chapter10 - Perspectives of the reuse of agricultural wastes from the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as new adsorbent materials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Contextualization of agriculture activity in the state of RS, Brazil
10.3 Composition of agricultural wastes
10.4 Production of bio-based adsorbents
10.4.1 Agricultural waste as adsorbent material
10.4.2 Production of biochar from agricultural wastes
10.5 Application of agricultural waste from RS in adsorption of different pollutants
10.5.1 Isotherm and kinetic studies
10.5.2 Thermodynamic studies
10.5.3 Adsorption interactions and mechanisms
10.5.4 Fixed-bed and simulated effluents studies
10.5.5 Desorption and reuse studies
Conclusion
References
Chapter11 - Polyvalent metal ion adsorption by chemically modified biochar fibers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Adsorption models and parameters
11.2.1 Isotherm models
11.2.2 Kinetic models
11.2.3 Thermodynamic parameters
11.3 Adsorption studies
11.3.1 U(VI)
11.3.2 Adsorption of Th(IV)
11.3.3 Adsorption of Sm(III)
11.3.4 Adsorption of Cu(II)
11.3.5 Comparison of the qmax values
11.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 12 - Leucaena leucocephala as biomass material for the removal of heavy metals and metalloids
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials derivatives from Leucaena leucocephala
12.2.1 Applications
12.2.2 Leucaena leucocephala (Ll) and their derived materials for the removal of heavy metals and metalloids
12.2.3 Experimental parameters for removal of heavy metals and metalloids by Leucaena leucocephala (Ll) and their derive ...
12.2.4 Biosorption kinetics of Leucaena leucocephala (Ll) and their derived materials
12.2.5 Adsorption isotherms of Leucaena leucocephala (Ll) and their derived materials
12.3 Critical and comparative discussion
12.3.1 Physicochemical features of Leucaena leucocephala and sorption capacity of heavy metals
12.3.2 Cost evaluation of the Leucaena leucocephala biosorbent
12.4 Conclusions
12.5 Challenges and future prospects
References
Chapter13 - Potential environmental applications of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) residue-based adsorbents for dye remo ...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The effect of pH
13.3 Isotherm and kinetic modeling
13.4 Desorption studies
13.5 Thermodynamic studies
13.6 Conclusions and future work
References
Chapter14 - A review of pine-based adsorbents for the adsorption of dyes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Adsorbent preparation from pine biomass
14.3 Specific surface area of pine adsorbents
14.4 Pine adsorbent performance for dye uptake
14.5 Equilibrium isotherm and kinetics modeling
14.6 Thermodynamics modeling
14.7 Other adsorption investigations
14.8 Interesting areas for future work
Conclusion
Disclosure statements
References
Chapter15 - Utilization of avocado (Persea americana) adsorbents for the elimination of pollutants from water: a review
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Adsorbent preparation from avocado biomass
15.3 Surface properties of avocado adsorbents
15.4 Performance of avocado adsorbents for pollutants uptake
15.5 Equilibrium isotherm and kinetics modeling
15.6 Thermodynamics modeling
15.7 Desorption, reusability, and column adsorption studies
15.8 Competitive adsorption and ionic strength effect
15.9 Knowledge gaps and future perspectives
Conclusion
Disclosure statements
References
Chapter16 - Agro-wastes as precursors of biochar, a cleaner adsorbent to remove pollutants from aqueous solutions
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Agricultural wastes as a precursor of biochar
16.2.1 Types of agro-industrial wastes
16.2.2 Agricultural wastes availability
16.2.3 Chemical components of agricultural wastes
16.2.4 Agricultural wastes utilization
16.3 Biochar production
16.3.1 Chemical activation of biochar
16.3.2 Physical activation of biochar
16.4 Biochar characterization
16.5 Pollutants removal by biochar and biochar-activated carbon
16.5.1 Heavy metals
16.5.2 Organic pollutants
16.5.2.1 Dye molecules
16.5.2.2 Pharmaceutical pollutants
16.5.3 Potential risk of biochar and biochar-activated carbon for water treatment
16.6 Environmental footprint of biochar production via life cycle assessment
16.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter17 - Biomass-derived renewable materials for sustainable chemical and environmental applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biomass-derived materials
17.2.1 Properties of biomass-derived materials
17.2.2 Treatment temperature
17.2.3 Adsorption
17.2.4 Environmental applications of biomass-derived materials
17.2.4.1 Capture atmospheric CO2
17.2.4.2 Wastewater treatment
17.2.4.3 Biosorption of toxic heavy metals from aqueous mediums
17.2.4.4 Effluent treatment using porous carbon materials
17.2.4.5 Multifunctional aerogels for high adsorption
17.2.4.6 Activated carbon for adsorptive thermal devices
17.2.5 Enhanced automotive lubricants properties
17.2.6 Nanoadsorbents for dyes removal from aqueous effluents
17.2.7 Lignin-based polyurethanes, bio foams and epoxy resins
17.2.8 Light-weight bio-based carbon fiber materials
17.2.9 Valorization of biomass to liquid fuels
17.2.10 Bio-based smart materials for sensors
17.2.11 Nanomaterials for elimination of pharmaceutical micropollutants
17.2.12 Multifunctional biochar applications
17.2.12.1 Removal of organic pollutants
17.2.12.2 Improvement of soil quality
17.2.12.3 Pollutants removal from aqueous solution
17.2.12.4 Removal of heavy metals
17.2.12.5 Syngas renewable energy source
17.2.13 Biomass-derived bio-oil
17.2.13.1 Fuel for heavy-duty engines and boilers
17.2.13.2 Hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oil
17.2.13.3 Bio-oil to hydrogen
17.2.13.4 Bio-oil renewable biodiesel
17.2.14 High-value chemicals from bio-oil
17.2.14.1 Carbonaceous materials from bio-oil
17.2.14.2 Bio-oil in asphalt
17.2.15 Pesticides
17.2.16 Polyurethane foams formation
17.2.17 Solvent extraction
17.2.18 Electrodes
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter18 - Utilization of biomass-derived materials for sustainable environmental pollutants remediation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Source of heavy metals in wastewater
18.2.1 Source of lead and existing concentration in wastewater
18.2.2 Source of mercury and existing concentration in wastewater
18.2.3 Source of nickel and existing concentration in wastewater
18.2.4 Source of cadmium and existing concentration in wastewater
18.2.5 Source of copper and existing concentration in wastewater
18.3 Biomass-derived adsorbent used for heavy metal removal
18.3.1 Corn waste-based adsorbent used for heavy metal removal
18.3.2 Grape waste-based adsorbent used for heavy metal removal
18.4 Adsorption kinetics
18.5 Adsorption isotherm
18.6 Adsorption thermodynamics
18.7 Gaps in knowledge and areas for future work
Conclusion
References
Index
Back cover