Due to its depletion and the environmental damage it causes, hydrocarbons are being replaced by energy from renewable sources. One such form of energy source is Biomass. Biomass is a renewable raw material generated by living organisms and found in agricultural waste in large quantities. The three main components of biomass are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The first two components are sugar polymers, being cellulosic ethanol a desirable goal for converting those. The truth is that the production of cellulosic ethanol has never passed the pilot unit phase, due to the lack of economic competitiveness. New ways must be found to make this viable. From the latest finding of the biomass structure, new biomass processing pathways are being advanced, constituting new biorefinery models, which will make it possible to obtain cellulosic ethanol concomitant with the production of different bioproducts such as xylitol, oligosaccharides, antioxidants and analogues to carbon fiber, etc.
Lipid rich biomass is the source of foods oils. With population growth, the amounts of waste volume will increase. It is important to improve the processes of valorization of these residues, through their conversion into alcoholic esters of fatty acids, which can be used as fuel or in other domestic and industrial applications.
This volume reviews advances and innovative applications in this field. It will encourage the use of new works and even unpublished works to use biomass or its components for the production of bioproducts and biofuels.
Author(s): Jorge M.T.B. Varejão
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 218
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
Table of Contents
1. Biomass Structure and Disassembling
1. Introduction
2. Biomass main components
2.1 Cellulose
2.1.1 Cellulose allomorphs
2.1.2 Amorphous cellulose
2.1.3 Gas diffusion and crystallinity studies
2.2 Structure of hemicellulose
2.2.1 Hemicellulose biosynthesis
2.2.2 Xylan
2.2.3 Xyloglucan
2.2.4 Mannan
2.3 Lignin
2.4 Minority compounds
3. Proposed structure for biomass
4. Disassembly of lignocellulosic materials
4.1 Physical treatments
4.2 Chemical treatments
4.2.1 The diluted acid method
4.2.2 Concentrated acid method
4.2.3 Use of enzymes
5. Biomass saccharification/fermentation process
5.1 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
5.2 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF)
5.3 Consolidated Bioprocessing System (CBP)
6. Prospects for new technologies
7. References
2. New Uses for Hemicellulose
1. Introduction
2. Extraction of hemicellulose from biomass in pristine form
2.1 Medical and nutritional uses
2.2 Other uses
3. Hydrolytic extraction of hemicellulose
4. Fermentation of hemicellulose to ethanol
5. Adding a carbon to pentose sugars
6. Conversion of hemicellulose to xylitol
6.1 Food/nutritional use
6.2 Use in personal care
6.3 Medical uses
6.4 Xylitol obtention
6.4.1 Obtaining xylose from biomass
6.4.2 Methods of reducing xylose to xylitol
6.4.3 Reduction of xylose by chemical/electrochemical methods
6.4.4 Reduction of xylose by biotechnological techniques
6.4.5 Finishing techniques in the production of xylitol
7. Conversion of hemicellulose to furfural
8. References
3. Biomass Delignification with Biomimetic Enzyme Systems
1. Introduction
2. The catalytic cycle of delignification
3. Biomimetic systems
3.1 Stability of porphyrin ligands to high valence oxo metal complexes
3.2 Immobilization of metalloporphyrin
3.3 Preparation of porphyrins
3.3.1 Intermediates and by-products in the preparation of porphyrins
3.3.2 Improved methods for preparing porphyrins
4. Preparation of a robust delignification catalyst
4.1 Preparation of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (2,6-dichloro-3-sulfatophenyl) porphyrin (TDCPPS)
4.2 Metalation of porphyrin
4.3 Construction of an experimental procedure for biomass delignification
5. Analysis of results
5.1 Catalyst behavior in the delignification of wood samples
5.2 Delignification efficiency
5.3 Effect of temperature
5.4 Effect of pH value
5.5 Severity of conditions
5.6 Particle size effects of biomass
6. Final notes
7. References
4. Bioproducts Derived from Lignin Obtained from Micro- and Nanocrystalline Cellulose Preparation
1. Introduction
2. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)
2.1 Preparation of paper pulp
2.2 Preparation of MCC from cellulose pulp
2.3 Preparation of MCC from straw residues
2.3.1 Alkaline thermal delignification
2.3.2 Biomass delignification in alkaline conditions assisted by microwave heating
2.3.3 Removal of amorphous cellulose
3. Nanocellulose crystals (CNC) and nanocellulose fiber (CFN)
4. Antioxidant properties of lignin hydrolysates
5. References
5. Carbon Fiber Analogues by Fusion of Biomass Polymers
1. Introduction
2. Charcoals
2.1 Bio-oil
2.2 Syngas
3. From heterogeneous biomass to pure carbon holoforms
4. Carbon fiber
5. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC process)
6. Carbonization at very low temperature (VLTC)
6.1 Very low temperature carbonization (VLTC) of wheat straw
6.1.1 Elementary composition
6.1.2 Electrical conductivity
6.1.3 GC-MS analysis of aqueous intermediate extracts
6.1.4 Measurement of the contact angle
6.1.5 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis
6.1.6 Interpretation of observations
7. Preparation of carbonized wheat straw/epoxy resin composites and study of their mechanical properties
8. References
6. The Methanol/Sulfuric Acid System for Cellulose Saccharification
1. Introduction
2. Saccharification of biomass
3. The capacity of the sulfate anion to de-crystallize/hydrolyze cellulose at low concentration in water at high temperature
4. Biomass saccharification with strong acids
4.1 Methods of acid impregnation
5. Mechanism of decrystallization of cellulose with strong acid
6. The methanol/sulfuric acid system
7. References
7. Microalgae Biomass as an Alternative to Fossil Carbons
1. Introduction
2. Energy production through the conversion of microalgal biomass
2.1 Biodiesel from microalgae lipids
2.2 Bioethanol from the fraction of microalgae carbohydrates
3. Microalgae in biorefinery
4. Final considerations
5. References
8. The Phase Inversion in the Preparation of Batch Biodiesel from Triglycerides and Methanol
1. Introduction
2. Details of the pilot unit and operating conditions
3. Preparation of biodiesel from residual food oils
3.1 Analytical techniques in monitoring the transesterification reaction
3.2 Yield in FAME and formation of the glycerol/methanol phase
4. Construction of a mathematical model to determine the point of formation of the glycerol/methanol phase in the FAME preparation reaction coordinate
5. Experimental verification of the results of the glycerol/methanol phase formation identification model
6. References
9. Preparation and use of Biodiesel in a Continuous Process using Alcohol/Water Mixtures
1. Introduction
2. Effects of the presence of water on the triglyceride transesterification reaction
3. Preparation of FAME using enzymes
4. Preparation of FAME by continuous process with strong base catalysis and microwave irradiation
5. Use of biodiesel
5.1 Mixture of biodiesel with fossil diesel
5.2 Use of biodiesel in heating units
5.3 Biodiesel stability
6. References
Index
