Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Green-Economy: Systems Analysis for Sustainability

Front cover
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Full title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
CHAPTER ONE - Systems analysis and its relevance for the sustainability transitions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Importance of systems analysis for sustainable development
1.3 Understanding the systems
1.4 Structure and behavior of systems
1.5 Making sense of data and understanding bias in analyzing systems
1.6 Relevance of systems analysis for a transition to bioeconomy
1.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER TWO - Techno-economic assessment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Different methods used in techno-economic analysis/­assessment
2.3 Basic Steps of techno-economic analysis/assessment
2.4 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
2.5 Real option analysis
2.6 Tools, software, and data sources to conduct techno-economic analysis/assessment
2.7 Worked example
2.8 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER THREE - Environmental impacts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods used for assessing the environmental impacts
3.3 Life cycle assessment
3.4 Life cycle assessment/analysis methodology
3.4.1 Goal definition and scoping
3.4.2 Life cycle inventory
3.4.3 Life cycle impact assessment
3.4.4 Life cycle interpretation
3.5 Life cycle assessment/analysis software and life cycle ­inventory databases
3.6 Worked example
3.7 Perspectives
3.8 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER FOUR - Environmental risk assessment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What is risk analysis?
4.3 Risk analysis method
4.3.1 Risk management
4.3.2 Risk assessment
4.3.3 Risk communication
4.4 Databases, tools, and software
4.5 Examples
4.6 Perspectives
4.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER FIVE - Resource assessment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Land resources
5.3 Water resources
5.4 Nutrient resources
5.5 Metals and minerals
5.6 Examples
5.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER SIX - Policy, governance, and social aspects
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Complexities of policy making
6.3 Commonly used policy making models
6.4 Policy making frameworks
6.5 Social and governance aspects
6.6 Case studies
6.6.1 Case Study 1. Biofuels in Brazil
6.6.2 Case Study 2. Biogas in the European Union
6.6.3 Case Study 3. Biogas in India
6.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER SEVEN - Resilience thinking
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Understanding and quantifying resilience
7.3 Resilience thinking in systems analysis
7.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER EIGHT - General logic-based method for assessing the greenness of products and systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The sustainability value added
8.3 The logic-based model
8.3.1 Classification of the sustainability indicators
8.3.2 Outlining the development and utilization of the LBM
8.4 Application for assessing the sustainability of products and systems
8.4.1 Extending the conventional conception of sustainability
8.4.1.1 Determinants
8.4.1.1.1 Determinant 1—A0: ecology
8.4.1.1.2 Determinant 2—AB environmental social
8.4.1.1.3 Determinant 3—AC environmental economy
8.4.1.1.4 Determinant 4—B0 social wellbeing
8.4.1.1.5 Determinant 5—BC social economy
8.4.1.1.6 Determinant 6—C0 economic profitability
8.4.1.2 Rule base
8.4.2 Alternative paradigm of sustainability
8.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER NINE - A systems analysis of first- and second-generation ethanol in the United States
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Dry milling corn ethanol technology
9.1.2 Wet milling technology
9.1.3 Second-generation ethanol
9.2 Systems analysis of ethanol technologies
9.2.1 Corn ethanol case study
9.2.1.1 Technical feasibility analysis of corn ethanol in the United States
9.2.1.2 Techno-economic analysis of corn ethanol in the United States
9.2.1.3 Environmental impact assessment of corn ethanol in the United States
9.2.1.4 Resource use for corn ethanol in the United States
9.2.2 Cellulosic ethanol in the United States
9.2.2.1 Technical feasibility analysis of cellulosic ethanol in the United States
9.2.2.2 Techno-economic analysis of cellulosic ethanol in the United States
9.2.2.3 Environmental impact assessment of cellulosic ethanol in the United States
9.2.2.4 Resource use for cellulosic ethanol in the United States
9.3 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER TEN - Solar energy in India
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Development of solar energy in India
10.3 Challenges to solar energy in India
10.4 Innovative responses to the challenges
10.5 Overall scenario
10.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER ELEVEN - A systems analysis of solar and wind energy in the United States
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Technical feasibility analysis
11.2.1 Can we generate 100% electricity with solar and wind technologies?
11.2.2 Renewable electricity futures study
11.2.3 Storage
11.3 Environmental Impact assessment
11.3.1 Wind
11.3.2 Solar
11.4 Resource sustainability analysis
11.4.1 Wind energy resource sustainability
11.4.1.1 Wind energy land and water use
11.4.1.2 Wind turbine end of life
11.4.2 Solar energy resource sustainability
11.4.2.1 First-generation solar panel resource requirements
11.4.2.2 Second-generation solar panel resource requirements
11.4.2.3 Third-generation solar panel resource requirements
11.4.2.4 Concentrating solar energy resource requirements
11.4.2.5 Solar energy land use
11.4.2.6 Solar energy water use
11.4.2.7 Solar energy end of life
11.5 Policy, governance, and social impact analysis
11.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER TWELVE - Biofuels and bioproducts in India
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Systems analysis of biofuel technologies
12.3 Resource assessment for bioethanol from agricultural residues
12.4 Techno-economic analysis
12.5 Environmental impact assessment
12.6 Policy and social aspects of biofuels in India
12.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER THIRTEEN - A case study on integrated systems analysis for biomethane use
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Dimensions of systems analysis
13.2.1 Technology
13.2.2 Economics
13.2.3 Environment
13.2.4 Policy
13.2.5 Market
13.2.6 Social aspects
13.3 Case study of Ireland for biomethane use
13.3.1 Background
13.3.2 What is the role of technology and economics in system analysis?
13.3.3 How policy influences technology commercialization?
13.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER FOURTEEN - Alternative ammonia production processes and the use of renewables
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ammonia production via current practices
14.2.1 Energy requirements of Haber–Bosch based on natural gas
14.2.2 Economics of the Haber–Bosch process
14.2.3 CO2 emissions from a Haber–Bosch plant
14.3 Haber–Bosch using electrochemical H2 production (E/H–B)
14.4 Direct electrochemical nitrogen reduction
14.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
CHAPTER FIFTEEN - Regional strategy of advanced biofuels for transportation in West Africa
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Case of West Africa
15.2.1 Optimal biofuel strategies
15.2.2 The matrix of biofuels
15.2.2.1 Common results for the countries
15.2.2.2 Country specific results for each scenario
15.2.2.2.1 Pressure on available feedstock
15.2.2.2.2 Economic considerations
15.2.2.2.3 Final energy consumption
15.2.3 Recommendations
15.2.3.1 Recommended biofuels strategy
15.2.3.2 Specific characteristics per country of the recommended strategy
15.2.3.2.1 Pressure on the feedstock in the case of the recommended strategy
15.2.3.2.2 Economic considerations in the case of the recommended strategy
15.2.3.2.3 Final bioenergy consumption in the case of the recommended strategy
15.3 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER SIXTEEN - Advanced biofuels for transportation in West Africa: Common referential state-based strategies
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of feedstock for advanced biofuels
16.3 Biofuels for transportation
16.3.1 Biofuels
16.3.1.1 Bioethanol
16.3.1.2 Biobutanol
16.3.1.3 Biomethanol
16.3.1.4 Hydrogen
16.3.1.5 Biomethane
16.3.1.5.1 Biomethane production from anaerobic digestion
16.3.1.5.2 Biomethane production from biomass gasification
16.3.1.6 Electricity
16.3.2 Multifeedstock plants
16.3.2.1 Lignocellulosic bioethanol plant
16.3.2.2 Synthetic natural gas
16.3.2.3 Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle
16.4 Cases of West African states
16.4.1 Influences of the methodology
16.4.2 Evaluation of the available feedstock
16.4.3 Optimal biofuel strategies
16.4.3.1 Scenario 1
16.4.3.2 Scenario 2
16.4.3.3 Scenario 3
16.4.3.4 Scenario 4
16.4.3.5 Scenario 5
16.4.3.6 Scenario 6
16.4.3.7 Scenario 7
16.4.3.8 Scenario 8
16.4.3.9 Scenario 9
16.4.3.10 Scenario 10
16.4.3.11 Scenario 11
16.4.3.12 Scenario 12
16.4.3.13 Scenario 13
16.4.3.13.1 Cases of Benin and Nigeria
16.4.3.13.2 Case of Togo
16.4.3.14 Scenario 14
16.4.3.15 Scenario 15
16.4.3.16 Scenario 16
16.4.4 Robustness analyses
16.4.4.1 Matrix of biofuels and share of the biofuels in the final energy
16.4.4.1.1 Values of P1, P2, and W
16.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN - Semantic sustainability characterization of biorefineries: A logic-based model
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The problematic of sustainability characterization
17.2.1 Improvement of the energy efficiency
17.2.2 Developing the logic-based model for sustainability characterization
17.2.2.1 Background of the model
17.2.2.2 Criteria for selecting the indicators
17.2.2.2.1 Economic indicators
17.2.2.2.2 Social indicators
17.2.2.2.3 Environmental indicators
17.2.2.3 Rule-base
17.3 Case study
17.3.1 Description of the case study
17.3.1.1 Process design
17.3.1.2 Context
17.3.2 Specific indicators
17.3.2.1 Economic specific indicators
17.3.2.1.1 Economic viability of the whole biorefinery
17.3.2.1.2 Economic cross-subsidy between the products’ value chains
17.3.2.2 Social specific indicators
17.3.2.2.1 Social acceptability
17.3.2.2.2 Social well-being and prosperity
17.3.2.2.3 Energy security
17.3.2.2.4 Resources conservation
17.3.2.2.5 Rural development and workforce
17.3.2.3 Environmental specific indicators
17.3.2.3.1 Land use
17.3.2.3.2 Local environment
17.3.2.3.3 Biodiversity
17.3.2.3.4 Global environment
17.3.3 Values of general indicators, determinants, and sustainability grade
17.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN - Solid biofuels
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Solid biofuel types
18.2.1 Unprocessed solid biofuels
18.2.1.1 Dry animal manure
18.2.1.2 Fuelwood
18.2.1.3 Wood and agricultural industry residues
18.2.2 Minimally processed solid biofuels
18.2.2.1 Wood chips
18.2.2.2 Municipal solid waste
18.2.3 Processed solid biofuels
18.2.3.1 Torrefied biomass and hydrochar
18.2.3.2 Briquettes and pellets
18.3 Solid biofuel properties
18.3.1 Physical properties
18.3.1.1 Moisture
18.3.1.2 Bulk density
18.3.1.3 Particle size and density
18.3.1.4 Mechanical durability
18.4 Chemical properties
18.4.1 Volatile Matter
18.4.2 Ash content and melting properties
18.4.3 Fixed carbon
18.4.4 Heating value (calorific value)
18.4.5 Carbon and hydrogen contents
18.4.6 Sulphur content
18.4.7 Heavy metals
18.5 Costs of solid biofuels supply
18.5.1 Cost of feedstock production/acquisition
18.5.2 Costs of feedstock logistics and conversion to solid biofuels
18.5.3 An example of costs of solid biofuels
18.6 Life-cycle environmental impacts
18.6.1 Carbon cycle of solid biofuels
18.6.2 Energy use and GHG emissions of solid biofuel systems
18.6.3 Case studies of environmental impacts of solid biofuels
18.7 Solid biofuel policies
18.7.1 Policies promoting renewable energy
18.7.1.1 Demand-side policies
18.7.1.2 Supply-side policies
18.7.2 Policies regulating GHG emissions and promoting “emissions trading”
18.8 Opportunities for using solid biofuels
18.9 Challenges for solid biofuels
18.9.1 Technological limitations
18.9.2 Uncertainty of feedstock supply
18.9.3 Environmental impacts
18.9.4 Social and economic impacts
18.10 Conclusions and perspectives
References
CHAPTER NINETEEN - Potential value-added products from wineries residues
19.1 Introduction
19.2 A large diversity of wastes/residues of grape
19.2.1 Wastes VS residues
19.2.2 Viticulture waste
19.2.3 Winery wastes and residues
19.2.4 Estimation of the potential of wastes and residues
19.3 Valorization of the residues and wastes
19.3.1 Composition of the wastes/residues
19.3.2 Conventional valorization of the wastes/residues
19.3.3 Potential valorization from viticulture and viniculture wastes/residues
19.3.3.1 Potential utilization of grape marc (pomace)
19.3.3.2 Potential utilization of grape stalk
19.3.3.3 Potential utilization of wine lees
19. 3.3.4 Potential utilization of vine shoots
19.3.3.5 Biogas and other products from winery wastewater
19.4 Proposed biorefinery scenario using zero-waste cascading valorization of wastes and residues
19.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Index
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