Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Circular Bioeconomy: Technologies for Waste Remediation

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Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Circular Bioeconomy: Technologies for Waste Remediation
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Contents
Contributors
Preface
Section I: Solid waste remediation and sustainability in a circular bioeconomy
Chapter 1: Sustainable biowaste recycling toward zero waste approaches
1. Introduction
2. Biowaste generation, collection, and characteristics
3. Biowaste recycling and resource recovery
3.1. Livestock and poultry manure
3.2. Renewal
3.3. Agricultural waste
3.4. Kitchen waste
3.5. Sewage sludge
4. Public engagement for the implementation of waste reduction and recycling policies
5. Possible technology and management option for biowaste
5.1. Thermal treatment and processing
5.1.1. Incineration
Definition of incineration
The process of incineration
Influencing factor
5.1.2. Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis definition
Influencing factor
5.1.3. Gasification
Gasification definition
The principle of gasification
5.2. Aerobic and anaerobic technology for biowaste recycling and resource recovery
5.2.1. Aerobic technology
5.2.2. Anaerobic digestion
The principle of anaerobic digestion
Influencing factor
6. Treatment and uses of ash and biowaste residues after processing
6.1. Compost
6.2. Anaerobic digestion (AD)
6.3. Ash
6.4. Biochar
7. Bio-based recycling and circular economy
8. Perspectives for a circular bioeconomy
9. Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Composting as a sustainable technology for integrated municipal solid waste management
1. Introduction
2. Understanding the process toward sustainable waste management approach
3. Types of composting and their integrated process
3.1. Windrow composting
3.2. Aerated static composting
3.3. Reactor composting
4. Role of composting for attenuation of persistent organic and inorganic compounds
5. The critical aspects of composting process improvement toward a novel clean composting strategy
6. Sustainability assessment and technology gap of cleaner composting
7. Impact of compost application in soil biological properties and climate change
8. Economic feasibility analysis of composting
9. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Integrated terrestrial weed management and generation of valuable products in a circular bioeconomy
1. Introduction
2. Plants morphology
2.1. Weed invasions
3. Weeds
3.1. Terrestrial weeds
3.1.1. Parthenium hysterophorus
3.1.2. Ageratum conyzoides
3.1.3. Lantana camara
4. Adverse effects and toxicity assessment of terrestrial weeds on crops
4.1. Phytotoxicity assays
4.2. Toxicity assays using animal models
4.3. Toxicity assays on weeds for medicinal purposes
5. Weed management practices
5.1. Biological management techniques of terrestrial weeds
5.2. Composting practices on terrestrial weeds
6. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for the generation of value-added products
1. Introduction
2. Role of operating parameters in hydrothermal liquefaction processes
2.1. Influential parameters
2.2. Use of catalysts in hydrothermal liquefaction
2.2.1. Homogenous catalysts
2.2.2. Alkali-based catalysts
2.2.3. Acid-catalysts
2.2.4. Heterogeneous catalysts
3. Feedstocks for hydrothermal liquefaction
3.1. Lignocellulosic biomass
3.2. Algae
3.3. Solid waste
3.4. Plastic waste
4. Coliquefaction
5. Types of reactors for hydrothermal liquefaction processes
5.1. Batch reactor systems
5.2. Continuous reactor systems
5.3. Precommercial scale HTL plants
6. Hydrothermal liquefaction process integration with existing refineries
6.1. Distillation unit
6.2. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit
6.3. Hydrotreating and hydrocracking units
7. Characteristics of hydrothermal liquefaction products
7.1. Bio-crude characteristics
7.1.1. Physical properties
7.1.2. Chemical properties
7.1.3. Thermal properties
7.2. Aqueous phase characteristics
7.3. Biochar characteristics
8. Applications of hydrothermal liquefaction products
8.1. Bio-crude applications
8.2. Bio-crude upgradation
8.3. Value-added chemicals from HTL bio-crude
8.4. Biochar applications
8.4.1. Biochar as fuel
8.4.2. Metal and dye absorption by biochar
8.4.3. Animal fodder
8.4.4. Additive for anaerobic digestion
8.4.5. Fertilizer
8.5. Aqueous phase applications
9. Process economics
10. Challenges and opportunities
11. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
12. Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Circular bioeconomy in agricultural food supply chain and value addition
1. Introduction
2. Present situation of agricultural production and consumption problems
3. Linear food production system (LFS)
3.1. Consequences of LFS: Environmental degradation due to indiscriminate use of inputs in LFS
3.2. Input use inefficiency
3.3. Wastes in LFS
3.3.1. Wastes as leftover inputs and by-products in farm
3.3.2. Postharvest losses
3.3.3. Waste in food processing and packaging stage and pollution
3.3.4. Trend in different types of wastages in the consumption process
4. Circular economy and food supply chain
4.1. Characteristics of an agro-food supply chain toward a circular bioeconomy
4.2. Application of a circular bioeconomy in agriculture
5. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
6. Conclusions
References
Section II: Industrial wastewater remediation and sustainability in a circular bioeconomy
Chapter 6: Sustainable conversion of food waste into high-value products through microalgae-based biorefinery
1. Introduction
2. Classification of food waste
2.1. Waste generated before food consumption
2.1.1. Vegetable and fruit waste
2.1.2. Dairy waste
2.1.3. Waste generated by meat and poultry processing
2.1.4. Waste generated by aquatic product processing
2.1.5. Waste from edible oil production
2.2. Waste generated after food consumption
2.2.1. Bakery waste
2.2.2. Aquatic product waste
2.2.3. Mixed food waste
3. Treatment methods
3.1. Thermal chemical treatment
3.1.1. Pyrolysis
3.1.2. Gasification
3.1.3. HTC
3.2. Biological treatment
3.2.1. Anaerobic fermentation
3.2.2. Composting
3.2.3. Ethanol fermentation
3.2.4. Gas fermentation
3.2.5. Enzymatic hydrolysis
4. Microalgae-based bioconversion of food waste
4.1. Advantages of microalgae as a bioconversion platform
4.2. Feasibility of using microalgae as a bioconversion platform
4.3. Microalgae-based bioconversion of food waste into lipids and fatty acids
4.3.1. Enzymatic hydrolysate as feedstock
4.3.2. Fungal hydrolysate as feedstock
4.3.3. Effluents from anaerobic digestion as feedstock
5. Techno-economic assessment
6. Perspectives for a circular bioeconomy
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7: Sustainable wastewater remediation technologies for agricultural uses
1. Introduction
2. Wastewater generation
3. Wastewater treatment technologies for use in agriculture
3.1. Physical treatment
3.1.1. Sedimentation
3.1.2. Flotation
3.1.3. Electrodialysis
3.1.4. Membrane technology
3.2. Chemical treatment
3.2.1. Chemical precipitation
3.2.2. Oxidation-reduction
3.3. Biological treatment
3.3.1. Oxidation ponds
3.3.2. Activated sludge process
3.3.3. Rotating biological contactor
3.3.4. Application of agricultural residues
4. Policies and guidelines for wastewater treatment for agricultural uses
5. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Sustainable aquaculture wastewater remediation through diatom and biomass valorization
1. Introduction
2. Composition of aquaculture wastewater
3. Cultivation of diatoms in aquaculture
4. Role of diatoms in aquaculture wastewater remediation
5. Potential application of diatoms based aqua feed
5.1. Pigments
5.2. Protein
5.3. Carbohydrate
5.4. Omega 3 fatty acids
5.5. Vitamins and minerals
6. Biocontrol efficacy of diatoms
6.1. Bacterial disease
6.2. Viral disease
6.3. Fungal disease
7. Diatoms as a source of high-value products
8. Diatoms for biofuels
9. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 9: Membrane bioreactor for the treatment of emerging pharmaceutical compounds in a circular bioeconomy
1. Introduction
2. Membrane bioreactor (MBR)
3. Membrane fouling mechanisms
4. Methods to control the membrane fouling
4.1. Coagulant addition
4.2. Adsorbent addition
4.3. Use of granular biomass
4.4. Quorum quenching
5. Removal of emerging pharmaceutical compounds using MBR
6. Factors affecting membrane bioreactors (MBRs)
6.1. Configuration
6.2. Solid retention time and hydraulic retention time
6.3. pH and temperature
6.4. Pilot-and industrial-scale MBR
6.5. Effects of microorganisms
6.6. Effect of redox conditions
7. Comparison of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) with conventional processes
8. Perspectives for a circular bioeconomy
9. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Circular bioeconomy perspective of agro-waste-based biochar
1. Introduction
2. Feedstock for biochar production
3. Conversion technologies
3.1. Pyrolysis
3.2. Gasification
3.3. Torrefaction
4. Applications of biochar
4.1. Soil improvements
4.2. Sludge additive
4.3. Mitigation of greenhouses gas emissions
5. Environmental impact of biochar
6. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Sustainable anaerobic technologies for biogas and biohythane production
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals in anaerobic technologies
3. Operating factors
3.1. Temperature
3.2. Hydraulic retention time and sludge retention time
3.3. pH and alkalinity
4. Anaerobic codigestion
4.1. Concepts of codigestion
4.2. Mechanisms of codigestion
4.2.1. Adjusting carbon to nitrogen ratio
4.2.2. Adjusting the moisture content
4.2.3. Supplying trace elements
4.2.4. Suppressing inhibitors
5. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor
5.1. Configuration
5.2. Mass balance in AnMBR
5.3. Fouling mechanisms and control
6. Biohythane production
6.1. Fundamentals in hydrogen fermentation
6.2. Configuration of the R-TPAD
6.3. Cofermentation of hydrogen and methane
7. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 12: Microbial biomass for sustainable remediation of wastewater
1. Introduction
2. Types of wastewaters, sources and their effect on the environment
2.1. Types and sources of wastewaters
2.2. Effect of untreated wastewaters on the environment
3. Microbial technologies used in wastewater remediation with special reference to heavy metals
3.1. Microbial biomass-based technologies
3.2. Advances in microbial technologies
3.3. Smart remediation technologies
4. Commercially viable technologies for wastewater remediation
4.1. Important established and emerging microbial technologies
4.1.1. Bioaugmentation
4.1.2. Biofilm-based microbial technologies
4.1.3. Anaerobic technologies
4.2. Other microbial technologies
5. New dimensions to wastewater treatment and allied processes
5.1. Allied processes in wastewater remediation technologies
6. Perspectives for a circular bioeconomy
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13: Integrated technologies for the treatment of and resource recovery from sewage and wastewater using water hya ...
1. Introduction
2. Harvesting of water hyacinth
2.1. Features and implications of nitrogen removal
2.2. Features and implications of phosphorus removal
2.3. Heavy metal and organic pollutant removal
2.3.1. Removal of heavy metals
2.3.2. Removal of organic pollutants
3. Utilization of water hyacinth biomass
3.1. Carbonization
3.2. Incineration
3.3. Briquetting
3.4. Liquid fuel production
3.5. Biohydrogen production
3.6. Anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth
3.7. Composting of water hyacinth for fertilizer production
4. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: Techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment of vermi-technology for waste bio
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of vermi-technology
2.1. Mechanism of vermifiltration
2.2. Mechanism of vermicomposting
2.2.1. Gut-associated process (GAP) and cast-associated process (CAP)
3. Application of vermi-technology
3.1. Application of vermifiltration
3.1.1. Domestic wastewater
3.1.2. Industrial wastewater
3.2. Application of vermicomposting
3.2.1. Vermicomposting of domestic waste
3.2.2. Vermicomposting of agricultural waste
3.2.3. Vermicomposting of industrial waste
4. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies on vermi-technology
4.1. LCA studies on vermicomposting
4.1.1. Goal and scope definition
4.1.2. Inventory analysis
4.1.3. Impact assessment and interpretation
4.2. LCA studies on vermifiltration
4.2.1. Goal and scope definition
4.2.2. Inventory analysis
4.2.3. Impact assessment and interpretation
5. Environmental benefits of vermi-technology
6. Economical perspectives and linkage to circular bioeconomy
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: Integrated technologies for the remediation of paper industry waste in a circular bioeconomy
1. Introduction
2. An overview of paper industry
3. Paper industry waste
4. Remediation of waste generated from paper industry
4.1. Physicochemical treatment
4.2. Biological treatment
5. Development of valuable product from waste
6. Challenges
7. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Constructed wetland system for the treatment of wastewater in a circular bioeconomy
1. Introduction
2. Constructed wetlands
2.1. General
2.2. Classification of constructed wetlands
2.3. Design and operation
3. Enhanced configuration for performance growth
3.1. Aeration
3.1.1. Artificial aeration
3.1.2. Drop aeration
3.2. Flow type
3.2.1. Tidal flow system
3.2.2. Baffled flow system
3.2.3. Step feeding
3.3. Structural
3.3.1. Hybrid towery
3.3.2. Circular corridor
4. Hybrid constructed wetland systems for a circular bioeconomy approach
4.1. Energy production
4.1.1. Microbial fuel cell
4.1.2. Anaerobic digester
4.2. Minimal waste generation
4.2.1. Vermifiltration
4.3. Nutrient removal
4.3.1. Membrane bioreactor
4.3.2. Electrochemical oxidation
4.4. Heavy metal and pollutant removal
4.4.1. Microbial electrolysis cell
4.4.2. Photocatalysis
5. Environment benefits of constructed wetlands
6. Challenges of constructed wetlands
7. Perspectives for a circular bioeconomy
8. Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Production and environmental applications of activated sludge biochar
1. Introduction
2. Processing of activated sludge
2.1. Activated sludge
3. Valorization of biowaste
3.1. Synthesis of biochar
3.2. Bio-compost
4. Applications of activated sludge biochar
4.1. Soil amendment
4.2. Mitigation of heavy metals
4.3. Synthetic organic compounds removal
5. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
5.1. Sustainability challenges
5.2. Biomass production and resource recovery from waste
5.3. Nutrient and energy balance
5.4. Balancing sustainability goals
5.5. Techno-economic and social balance
6. Conclusions
Conflicts of interests
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18: Waste-derived volatile fatty acids for sustainable ruminant feed supplementation
1. Introduction
2. Organic wastes, digestion, and volatile fatty acids in a circular bioeconomy
3. Ruminal digestion and fermentation
3.1. The digestive system
3.2. Ruminal fermentation of volatile fatty acids
4. Volatile fatty acids as feed additives in ruminant diet
5. Waste-derived volatile fatty acids (VFA)
5.1. VFAs production through anaerobic digestion of waste streams
5.2. VFAs recovery and purification approaches
6. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Sustainable management of algal blooms in ponds and rivers
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics and types of algae
3. Potential of converting algae into bioresources
4. Hazards of algal bloom
4.1. Factors affecting algal bloom and marine ecosystem
5. Harvesting of algae from algal bloom sites
6. Extraction of bioproducts from algal blooms
7. Strategies to harvest and utilize algal bloom biomass in industry 5.0
8. Perspectives for circular bioeconomy
9. Conclusions
References
Index
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