Biomass-Based Functional Carbon Nanostructures for Supercapacitors

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Biomass-Based Functional Carbon Nanostructures for Supercapacitors
1 Introduction
2 Origin of Biomass Usage
2.1 Agricultural and Forest Residue
2.2 Industrial Biomass Residue
2.3 Algal Biomass
3 Nanostructured Bio-based Carbon Materials: Preparation and Characterization
3.1 Pyrolysis
3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition
3.3 Arc Discharge
3.4 Laser Ablation
3.5 Hydrothermal Method
4 Preparation and Evaluation of Newly Developed Bio-derived Precursor as Electrodes in Energy Storage Applications
5 Nanostructure Morphology and the Kind of Precursor
5.1 Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
5.2 Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanosphere
5.3 Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanosheets
5.4 Biomass-Derived Carbon Dots
5.5 Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanoflowers
6 Novel Nanoelectrode Materials in 0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-Dimensional Materials from Biomass-Derived Carbons Including an Overview of the Design
7 Comparison of Performance of the Various Bio Waste-Based Supercapacitors
8 Function of Biomass-Derived Carbon Electrodes in Energy Storage Application
9 The Recent Development and Challenges of Biowaste-Based Electrode Materials for Storage Applications
10 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Methods for Production of Functional Carbon Nanostructures from Biomass
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Nanostructures
2.1 Various Forms of Carbonaceous Nano Materials (CNMs)
3 Biomass: A Renewable Source of Carbon
3.1 Biomass
3.2 Classification of Biomass
3.3 Chemical Characterization of Biomass
4 Biomass as a Renewable Carbon Source for CNMs Synthesis
5 Preparation of CNMs from Biomass
5.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
5.2 Graphene
5.3 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs)
5.4 Carbon Nano-onions
5.5 Carbon Nano-Spheres
6 Modifications of CNMs
6.1 Modification Procedures of CNTs: Primary Designs
6.2 Chemical Modification Strategies of Graphene
7 Conclusion and Future Out-Scope
References
Key Limitations of Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Application
1 Introduction
2 Overview of Carbon-Based Supercapacitor Requirements
3 A Brief Review of the Strategies to Improve Carbon-Based Material Properties for Supercapacitors
4 Main Challenges of Biomass Utilization to Produce Supercapacitors
5 Conclusions
References
Carbon Nanostructures with the Ultra-High Surface Area and Porosity Derived from Biomass
1 Introduction to the Nanostructure of Carbon Electrodes in Supercapacitors
2 Roles of Morphology, Surface Areas, Pore Size and Pore Distribution on Specific Capacitance and Energy Density
2.1 Surface Morphology and Pore Size Distribution
2.2 Role of Each Pore Type in Supercapacitors
3 Biomass-Derived Carbons
4 Current Challenges and Conclusions
References
Biomass-Derived N and S Doped Carbon Nano-shapers for Supercapacitor Applications: Effect of Doping on Energy Density
1 Introduction
2 Fabrication of the N and S Self-doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon
3 Effect of Heteroatoms Doping into Carbon
3.1 Nitrogen Doping (N-doping)
3.2 Sulfur Doping (S-doping)
4 Biomass-Derived and Self-doped Heteroatoms-Built Carbon Materials
4.1 Solitary Heteroatom Doped Biomass Carbon
4.2 Biomass with Carbon with Dual-heteroatom Doping
4.3 Multi-heteroatom Doped Biomass Carbon
5 Biomass Derived N-doped Carbons as Fuel Cell Catalyst Support
6 Supercapacitor Activity of N-based Doped-Heteroatom Biomass Carbon Electrodes
7 Supercapacitor Performance of S-based Heteroatom Doped Biomass Carbon Electrodes
8 Supercapacitor Performance of Dual N and S Based Heteroatom Doped Biomass Carbon Electrodes
9 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
Carbon Nanotubes and Similar Nanostructures Derived from Biomass for Supercapacitors Application
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Nanotubes
3 CNT Production Techniques
4 Biomass Resources for CNT Synthesis
5 CNT Production Techniques
5.1 Pyrolysis Method
5.2 CVD Method
5.3 Microwave Irradiation
6 Supercapacitor Applications
6.1 Biomass-Derived CNTs for SC Applications
7 Conclusion
References
Amorphous Carbon with a Graphitic Pattern Derived from Biomass for Supercapacitor Applications
1 Introduction
2 Synthetic Process of Carbon Derived from Biomass
2.1 Pyrolysis Approach
2.2 Hybrid Chemical Pre-treatment and Pyrolysis
3 Performance of Biomass Derived Graphitic Carbon as Electrode Material in Supercapacitors
3.1 Carbons Activated with Transitional Metal Compounds
3.2 Carbons Activated with Alkaline/Alkaline Earth Compounds
4 Conclusions
References
Graphene and Graphene-Like Materials Derived from Biomass for Supercapacitor Applications
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis Techniques of Graphene
2.1 Chemical Reduction
2.2 Electrochemical Reduction
2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.4 Chemical Exfoliation
2.5 Thermal Decomposition
2.6 Synthesis of Graphene on Gold
3 Graphene Based Materials as Applications of Super Capacitor Electrode Materials
4 Different Bioprecusors
5 Other Precursors
5.1 Plastic Waste (PW)
6 Conclusions
References
Metal Doped Nanostructures Derived from Biomass for Supercapacitor Applications: Effect of Doping on Cyclability
1 Introduction
2 Overview
3 Cyclic Stability-A Crucial Parameter for SCs Performance
4 Factors Influencing the Cyclic Stability
4.1 Structural Features of Nanostructured Electrode Materials Derived from Biomass
4.2 Metal Doping of Biomass-Derived Nanostructures
4.3 Various Test Parameters
5 Challenges and Outlook
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Porous Hollow Biomass-Based Carbon Nanostructures for High-Performance Supercapacitors
1 Introduction
2 Biomass-Based Feedstocks for Porous Carbon Materials
3 Preparation of Porous Carbon Nanostructures from Biomass
3.1 Preparation of Microporous Carbon
3.2 Preparation of Mesoporous Carbon
3.3 Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Carbon
4 Influence of Porosity on Bio-derived Porous Carbon Supercapacitors
4.1 Microporous Carbon
4.2 Ultra-Microporous Carbon
4.3 Mesoporous Carbon
4.4 Hierarchical Porous Carbon
5 Heteroatom-Doped Porous Nanostructures
6 Understanding the Resistance Properties of Porous Carbons
7 Challenges and Prospects
8 Conclusions
References
Carbon Nanomaterials from Biomass for Solar Energy Conversion and Storage
1 Introduction
2 Biomass as a Sustainable and Renewable Carbon-Rich Material
3 Structure of Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanomaterials
3.1 Graphene
3.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
3.3 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs)
3.4 Carbon Onions
3.5 Carbon Spheres
4 Synthesis/Production of Carbon Materials from Biomass
4.1 Pyrolysis
4.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
4.3 Cyclic Oxidation
4.4 Chemical-Vapor-Deposition (CVD)
5 Biomass-Derived CNMs for Energy Conversion and Storage
5.1 Energy Harvesting/Conversion Devices
5.2 Energy Storage Devices
6 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Recent Development in the Production and Utilization of Plant Biomass-Based Nanomaterials
1 Introduction
1.1 Classification of the Nanomaterials Based on Their Dimensions is As
1.2 Types of Nanomaterials
2 Routes for Synthesis of Nanomaterials
2.1 Top-Down Approach
2.2 Bottom-Up Approach
3 How Plant Driven Synthesis of Nanomaterials is Beneficial
4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Plant Biomass
4.1 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
4.2 Metal Nanoparticles (MNPs)
4.3 Other Nanomaterials
5 Applications
5.1 Biomedical Applications
5.2 Sensors
5.3 Cellular Imaging
5.4 Thermal Properties of Nanomaterials
5.5 Food Applications of Plant-Based Nanomaterials
5.6 Environmental Remediation Applications
6 Conclusions
References