Biomarkers in Medicine

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Title
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Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
New Biomarkers and Immunotherapy Decision
Abdurrahman Yigit1, Berkay Kuscu2, Ali Kirik2, Ruhsen Ozcaglayan2 and Cigdem Usul Afsar3,*
NEW BIOMARKERS AND IMMUNOTHERAPY DECISION
Principles of Cancer İmmunotherapy
Tumor Immunology
Therapeutic Approaches
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI)
THE PREDICTIVE AND PROGNOSTIC MARKERS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY
Immunotherapy Toxicity
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Biomarkers in Gynecologic Tumors
Selim Afsar1,*
INTRODUCTION
Ovarian and Fallopian Tube Cancers
Carbohydrate Antigen 125 (CA125)
Screening
Prediction Models
Prognosis
Recurrence
Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4)
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA)
Circulating Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA)
DNA Methylation
Metabolites
MicroRNAs
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Inhibin B
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Kallikreins
Other Markers
Uterine Cancer
CA125
HE4
Genomic Classification
Other Markers
Cervical Cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen (SCC-Ag)
Other Markers
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Biomarkers in Urological Cancers
Bulent Onal1,*, Mehmet Hamza Gultekin1, Muhammed Fatih Simsekoglu1, Berin Selcuk1 and Ahmet Gurbuz1
BIOMARKERS IN BLADDER CANCER
Blood-based Biomarkers
Tumor Cells
CD8 Count and Immune Cells
Matrix Metalloproteinase
Epigenetic Markers
Tissue-based Biomarkers
Cell Cycle-based Markers
Transmembrane- and Signaling-based Markers
PDL/PDL1
mTOR
MDR1
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)
Apoptosis- and DNA Repair-Based Markers
Multiplexed Markers
Twenty-Gene Panel, GenomeDX Gene-Expression Assay
Urine-based Biomarkers
Fluorescence In situ Hybridization (FISH)
Bladder Tumor Antigen (BTA) Tests
Nuclear Matrix Protein-22 (NMP-22) Test
ImmunoCyt Test
CxBladder Test
SUMMARY
BIOMARKERS IN PROSTATE CANCER
Blood-Based Biomarkers
PSA or hK3
Free PSA (fPSA)
Prostate Health Index (PHI)
4Kscore Test
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA)
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)
Urine-Based Biomarkers
PCA3
Gene Fusion
SelectMDx
Annexin A3
Tissue-Based Biomarkers
α-Methylacyl Coenzyme A Racemase (AMACR)
Epigenetic Modifications
Genomic Expression Profiles
Inherited Genetic Markers
SUMMARY
BIOMARKERS IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Diagnostic Biomarkers
Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX)
Gene Expression Profile
Urine Biomarkers
Tissue Biomarkers
Prognostic Biomarkers
Routine Blood Biomarkers
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Gene
VEGF
Survivin
p53
Ki-67
Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN)
Predictive Biomarkers
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
mTOR Inhibitors
Pediatric Renal Tumors:
SUMMARY
BIOMARKERS IN TESTICULAR CANCER
Alfa-fetoprotein (AFP)
Human Chorionic Gonodotropin (HCG)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Potential Biomarkers in Future
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP)
Oct-3/4, Sall 4, and CD 117
miRNAs
SUMMARY
NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Circulating Biomarkers in Thyroid Cancer
Lebriz Uslu-Beşli1,*
INTRODUCTION
THYROID GLAND
CLASSIFICATION OF THYROID CANCER
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF THYROID CANCER
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
SEROLOGICAL BIOMARKERS
Thyroglobulin
Anti-thyroglobulin Antibodies
Calcitonin and Procalcitonin
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Other Peptides
LIQUID BIOPSY
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
DNA Methylation Biomarkers in Cancer: Current Clinical Utility and Future Perspectives
Sinem Durmus1,*, Remise Gelisgen1 and Hafize Uzun2
INTRODUCTION
DNA METHYLATION AND REGULATION MECHANISM
DNA Methylation in Cancer
Regional Hypermethylation
Global Hypomethylation
DNA Methylation Biomarkers in Cancer
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Circulating Biomarkers in Predicting Pathological Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy for Colorectal Cancer
Ravindri Jayasinghe1, Umesh Jayarajah1,* and Sanjeewa Seneviratne1
INTRODUCTION
ESTABLISHED BIOMARKERS
Tissue Based Biomarkers
DNA Alterations: Polymorphisms
Gene Expression
MicroRNA (miRNA)
Blood Based Biomarkers
cfDNA and ctDNA
cfmRNA and hTERT
cfmiRNA
CIRCULATING PROTEINS/PEPTIDES
OTHER PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS
Thymidylate Synthase (TS)
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)
Bax/bcl-2
P21
Ki-67
CEA
ctDNA
Circulating Tumour Cells (CTC)
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERANCES
Circulating Biomarkers in the Management of Breast Cancer
Ravindri Jayasinghe1, Umesh Jayarajah1,* and Sanjeewa Seneviratne1
INTRODUCTION
ESTABLISHED BIOMARKERS
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
MUC-1
HER-2
Cytokeratins (CK)
Specific Classes of Circulatory Biomarkers
Proteins
Autoantibodies
Circulating Tumour Cells (CTC)
Exosomes
MicroRNA (miRNA)
Circulating Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA)
BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER
MONITORING RESPONSE TO THERAPY AND SURVEILLANCE
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Clinical Application of Biomarkers for Hematologic Malignancies
Nurgül Özgür Yurttaş1 and Ahmet Emre Eşkazan1,*
INTRODUCTION
BIOMARKERS IN MYELOID NEOPLASMS
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
CYTOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF AML
MRD IN AML
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN MDS
Deletions of Chromosome 5
Monosomy 7 and Deletions of Chromosome 7
Diagnosis and Classification
5q-syndrome/MDS with an Isolated del(5q)
Role of Cytogenetics in the Prognosis of MDS
GENETIC MUTATIONS IN MDS
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Mutations in PV, ET, and PMF
BIOMARKERS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
Prognostic Factors at the Time of Diagnosis
Use of the Mutational Analysis in CML
Identification of Molecular Markers of Progression
BIOMARKERS IN LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS
BIOMARKERS IN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA/ LYMPHOMA
CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA
B-ALL/LBL with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities
T-ALL/LBL
Cytogenetic Abnormalities in T-ALL/LBL
Molecular Abnormalities in T-ALL/LBL
EARLY T-CELL PRECURSOR ALL/LBL
MRD IN ALL
BIOMARKERS IN LYMPHOMAS
Biomarkers of Genetic Changes
B-Cell Lymphoma 6 (BCL6)
Tumor Protein 53 (TP53)
V-Myc Avian Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Homolog (MYC)
B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL2)
Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88 (MYD88)
Other Genetic Biomarkers in B-Cell Lymphomas
Other Genetic Biomarkers in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma (PTCL)
Biomarkers Related to Epigenetic Changes
Other Epigenetic Gene Features
MicroRNA and LncRNA in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Lymphomas
Other MicroRNAs and MicroRNA-Based Classifiers
Immunophenotypic Biomarkers
CD30
Bcl-6, Bcl-2, and Myc
Cyclin D1 and SOX-11
TP53 and MDM2
Immunophenotypic Biomarkers
Immunohistochemical Biomarkers of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Microenvironment-related Biomarkers for Prognosis and Immunotherapy
BIOMARKERS IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA
STAGING SYSTEMS
GENOMIC BIOMARKERS
Gene Expression Profiling
NOVEL BIOMARKERS
Minimal Residual Disease
Next-Generation Biomarkers in MM
Immunotherapy-related Biomarkers
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Applications of Biomarkers in Cancer Surgery
Berrin Papila Kundaktepe1,*
INTRODUCTION
CIRCULATING TUMOR MARKERS: CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Applications Of Tumor Markers In Colorectal Cancer
Applications of Tumor Markers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Applications of Tumor Markers in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Applications of Tumor Markers In Breast Cancer
Circulating Tumor Cells
ENDOCRINE TUMOR MARKERS
Immunohistochemical and Circulating Tumor Markers of NETs
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
A Pathophysiological Approach To Current Biomarkers
Aykut Oruc1,* and Gonul Simsek1
CARDIAC BIOMARKERS
Cardiac Troponins
Troponin Subunits
Regulatory Function of Troponin
Cardiac Troponins as a Biomarker for Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Pathophysiology
Cardiac Troponins as a Biomarker in Congestive Heart Failure
Heart-Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein
Heart-Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein in Acute Myocardial Ischemia
Glycogen Phosphorylase Isoenzyme BB
Myocardial Oxygen Deficiency and GPBB Release: The Pathophysiology
Glutathione S-Transferase P1
N-Terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide
Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Synthesis and Secretion of BNP and NT-proBNP
The Receptors and The Mechanisms of Action
CANCER BIOMARKERS
Alpha-Fetoprotein
Physiological Functions and Oncogenic Roles of Alpha-Fetoprotein
MUC1 protein and Related Biomarkers: Cancer Antigens 27.29 and 15-3
Physiological Properties of MUC1 and Its Role in Cancer Development
MUC1 as a Cancer Biomarker
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
The Role of CEA in Tumoral Invasion and Metastasis
NEURONAL BIOMARKERS
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
The Physiological Properties and Functions of GFAP
Reactive Astrocyte Formation and GFAP
Neuron Specific Enolase
The Physiological Properties of NSE and Pathophysiology
S100B Protein
Physiological Properties and Pathophysiology of S100B
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Biomarkers in Otorhinolaryngology
Ayse Pelin Yigider1,* and Ozgur Yigit1
INTRODUCTION
Rhinology
Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma and Sinonasal Malignancies
Head and Neck Cancers
Radiosensitivity
Chemosensitivity
HPV Driven HNSCC
Thyroid Pathologies
Salivary Glands, Autoimmune Salivary Adenitis
Otology
Retraction Pockets
Cholesteatoma & Chronic Otitis Media
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers
Zeynep Gizem Todurga Seven1,*, Deniz Özen1 and Sibel Özyazgan1
INTRODUCTION
AUTONOM AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DRUGS
Carvedilol
Metoprolol
Nebivolol
Propranolol
Propafenone
Quinidine
Cevimeline
Darifenacin
Fesoterodine
Mirabegron
Tamsulosin
Tolterodine
Formoterol
Indacaterol
Ivacaftor
Umeclidinium
Amphetamine
Modafinil
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DRUGS
Chlorpropamide, Glipizide, Glyburide, Tolazamide
Glimepiride
Rosuvastatin
Drospirenone and Ethinyl Estradiol
Elagolix
Flibanserin
Ospemifene
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Risperidone
Aripiprazole
Clozapine
Iloperidone
Pimozide
Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, Desipramine
Venlafaxine
Duloxetine
Vortioxetine
Atomoxetine
Doxepine
Fluoxetine
Paroxetine
Brivaracetam
Phenytoin, Fosphenytoin
Oxcarbazepine
Carbamazepine
Clobazam
Diazepam
Lacosamide
Valproic Acid
Articaine and Epinephrine
Lidocaine and Tetracaine
Mepivacaine
Oxymetazoline and Tetracaine
Codeine
Dextromethorphan and Quinidine
Donepezil
Galantamine
Deutetrabenazine
Tetrabenazine
Inotersen
Patisiran
Eteplirsen
Nusinersen
Amifampridine
Amifampridine Phosphate
Meclizine
Siponimod
IMMUNOMODULATION AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Abacavir
Ceftriaxone
Dasabuvir, Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir and Ritonavir
Dolutegravir
Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and Rifampin
Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir
Raltegravir
Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim
Voriconazole
Abemaciclib
Alectinib
Anastrozole
Capecitabine
Cetuximab
Crizotinib
Erlotinib
Everolimus
Fluorouracil
Imatinib
Irinotecan
Lapatinib
Olaparib
Panitumumab
Pazopanib
Tamoxifen
DRUGS WITH IMPORTANT ACTIONS IN BLOOD, INFLAMMATION, AND GOUT
Clopidogrel
Rivaroxaban
Warfarin
Prasugrel
Ticagrelor
Azathioprine
Carisoprodol
Flurbiprofen
Lesinurad
Pegloticase, Probenecide
SPECIAL TOPICS
Dapsone
Ustekinumab
Dronabinol
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole
Omeprazole
Pantoprazole
Metoclopramide
Ondansetron
Sulfasalazine
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
Clinical Application of Circulating MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Different Diseases
Volkan Sozer1, Pinar Atukeren2,3 and Hafize Uzun4,*
INTRODUCTION
The Purpose of Biomarkers
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
MiRNAs, Signaling Pathways and Related Diseases
Immune System and miRNAs
Immunological Originated Diseases and miRNAs
Cancer
MiRNAs in Infectious Diseases
MiRNAs and Viral Infections
MiRNAs and SARS-CoV-2
miRNAs in Noninfectious Diseases
miRNAs and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
miRNAs and Gynecological Diseases
miRNAs and Autoimmune Diseases
miRNAs and the Nervous System Diseases
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Advancements in Gastrointestinal System Biomarkers
Suleyman Demiryas1,* and Anıl Orhan2
INTRODUCTION
Diagnostic Biomarkers of Upper Gastrointestinal System Diseases
Diagnostic Biomarkers of Benign Upper Gastrointestinal System Diseases
Pepsinogen I & II
Gastrin 17
Helicobacter pylori IgA - IgG and Stool Antigen Tests
Urea Breath Test – Rapid Test
Citrulline
Biomarkers for Malignant Upper Gastrointestinal System Diseases
Carbohydrate Antigens (CA 19-9 & CA 72-4)
Circular RNA (circRNA) - Use in Gastric Cancer
Diagnostic Biomarkers of Lower Gastrointestinal System Diseases
Biomarkers for Benign Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders
Calprotectin
Lactoferrin
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABP)
Anti-gliadine, Anti-endomysial and Tissue Transglutaminase Autoantibodies
Biomarkers for Malign Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders
Carbohydrate Antigen (CA 19-9) and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Circular RNA – Use in Colorectal Cancer
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Novel Applications of Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Pelin Uysal1,*
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Biomarkers in Diabetes Mellitus
Fatih Orkun Kundaktepe1,*
INTRODUCTION
GLYCATED ALBUMIN (GA)
NETRİN
SALIVARY GLUCOSE
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
3-Carboxy-4-Methyl-5-Propyl-2-Furanopropanoic Acid (CMPF)
OTHER POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Biomarkers and their Clinical Applications in Pediatrics
Yusuf Elgormus1,*
INTRODUCTION
CHILDHOOD NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Biomarkers in Patients with NCDs in Childhood
Allergy, Asthma, Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
Allergic Rhinitis
Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases
Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA)
Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
Anticyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies (Anti-CCP)
Autoantibodies in Sjögren Syndrome
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, Glycolyzed Hemoglobin) Test
Pediatric Malignancies
Biomarkers in Vasculitis
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Biomarkers in Inflammatory Diseases
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
Serum Amyloid P (SAP) Component
Pentraxin 3 (PTX-3)
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Procalcitonin (PCT)
White Blood Cell Count (WBC), Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)
Coronavirus Disease 2019
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Biomarkers in Liver Disease
Abdullah Sonsuz1,* and Oguz Kagan Bakkaloglu1
INTRODUCTION
Tests Used for the Detection of Liver Injury
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Approach to Patients With Aminotransferase Elevation
Enzymes for Detection of Cholestasis
Alkaline Phosphatase
Approach to a Patient with Elevated Serum Alkaline Phosphatase
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase
5’- Nucleotidase
Tissue Distribution of Cholestasis Biomarkers
Test of Liver Synthetic Function
Serum Albumin
Prothrombin Time
Fibrosis Biomarkers
Direct Biomarkers
Indirect Biomarkers
Tumor Markers in Liver Disease
Old Biomarkers for HCC [116]
New biomarkers for HCC [117]
AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)
CA 19-9 and HCC
CA 19-9 and Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)
CEA and HCC
Liver Scores and Biomarkers for Staging and Prognostic Evaluation
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Application of New Acute Kidney Injury Biomarkers
Nurhan Seyahi1,* and Seyda Gul Ozcan2
INTRODUCTION
Acute Kidney Injury, Biomarkers, And Definitions
Classification of AKI Biomarkers
Biomarkers of Glomerular Health
Biomarkers of Tubular Health
Biomarkers of Inflammation
Biomarkers of Repair
Other Biomarkers
Clinical Application of Biomarkers
Differentiating between Prerenal Azotemia and Acute Tubular Injury
Early Detection and Prognostic Stratification of AKI in Cardiac Surgery Patients
Differential Diagnosis of AKI in Patients with Cardiorenal and Hepatorenal Syndromes
Defining Prognosis of AKI in Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation
Drug-induced AKI
Sepsis-induced AKI
Prognostication of AKI Outcomes
Biomarkers of Recovery Following AKI
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Biomarkers to Predict Sudden Cardiac Death
Ali Uğur Soysal1,* and Kivanc Yalin1
INTRODUCTION
SCD in the Setting of an Acute Coronary Syndrome, Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
SCD in the Setting of Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis
Pinar Atukeren1,2,*
INTRODUCTION
Oxidative Stress
Antioxidants
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
Lipid Oxidation Products
Protein Oxidation Products
Oxidative DNA Damage
Glutathione and Protein Thiols
Nuclear Factor (erythroid-derived2)-like2 (Nrf2) and the Antioxidant Response as a Biomarker
MiRNA Biomarkers
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Current Biomarkers for Endometrial Receptivity
Ozlem Erten1,*, Aysun Tekeli Taskomur2 and Mustafa Albayrak3
INTRODUCTION
Endometrial Receptivity
Markers Brought by New Technology
Genomic Study of the Endometrium
Proteomics Study of the Endometrium
Lipidomic Analysis of the Endometrium
Potential Markers of Endometrial Receptivity
Molecules with Determined Functions in Endometrial Receptivity
Omics and why is the Measurement of Endometrial Receptivity Important
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Biomarkers for Preterm Delivery
Ismail BIYIK1,* and Mustafa ALBAYRAK2
INTRODUCTION
Preterm Delivery
Prediction in Symptomatic Pregnant Women Applying to the Hospital with Threatened Preterm Labour
a). Fetal Fibronectin
b). IGFBPs
c). Inflammatory Markers
Preterm Labour Prediction with Markers Checked in First and Second Trimesters
Fetal Fibronectin
IGFBPs
Micro RNAs
Progesterone
Circulating Microparticles
Inflammatory Markers
Matrix Metalloproteinases
Aneuploidy Syndrome Screening Test Parameters
Other Hormones
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Biomarkers in Obesity and Clinical Applications to Surgical Practice: From Pharmacogenomics to Surgigenomics
Halit Eren Taskin1,*
INTRODUCTION
Importance of Personalized Medicine
The Impact of Genes on Obesity Treatment
Proteomics and Lipidomic Profiling
Novel Biomarkers Associated with Bariatric Surgery and Eating Control
Novel Biomarkers for Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction Associated to Bariatric Surgery
THE FUTURE OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN THE BARIATRIC-METABOLIC SURGICAL PRACTICE AND CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Clinical Application of New Possible Biomarkers in the Assessment and Monitoring of Nutritional Status
Burcu Yesilkaya1,*
INTRODUCTION
Nutrition and Health
Assessment of Nutritional Status and Methods
Anthropometric
Biochemical
Clinical
Dietary
Biomarkers of Dietary Patterns
The General Classification of Biomarkers
Omics
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
A Physiological Approach to Inflammatory Markers in Obesity
Sila H. Bozdogan Polat1,* and Nuran Dariyerli1
INTRODUCTION
Macrophages
Neutrophils
B Cells
CD8+T Cells
CD4+ T Cells: T-Helper and T-regulatory Cell Subsets
Natural Killer T Cells
Eosinophils
Mast Cells
Proinflammatory Cytokines
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
TNF-Like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-6
Fetuin-A (FetA)
Ceramide
ER Stress
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
GlycA
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)
Galectin-3
Adiponectin
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1
Toll-Like Receptor-4
Leptin
Visfatin
Vaspin
Omentin-1
Apelin
Cardiotrophin-1
Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids
Micro RNA (MiRNA)- Containing Exosomes
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Application of Biomarkers in the Diagnostic Distinction of Bacterial and Viral Infections
Fatma Köksal Çakırlar1,*
INTRODUCTION
STANDARD BİOMARKERS
White Blood Cell Counts
POTENTİAL DİAGNOSTİC BİOMARKERS
ACUTE PHASE PROTEİNS
C-Reactive Protein
Procalcitonin
Pentraxin-3
Hepcidin
Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein (LBP)
CYTOKİNES AND CHEMOKİNES
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1)
VASODİLATOR BİOMARKERS
Proadrenomedullin
BİOMARKERS RELATED TO ORGAN DYSFUNCTİON
Endothelin-1
BİOMARKERS RELATED TO VASCULAR ENDOTHELİAL DAMAGE
Angiopoietins
CELL SURFACE BİOMARKERS
CD64
Presepsin
RECEPTOR BİOMARKERS
TREM-1 (Trigger Receptor Released from Myeloid Cells)
Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR)
NEW BİOMARKERS
Lactate
TRAIL AND IP-10
Human Neutrophil Lipocalin (HNL)
Calprotectin
Adenosin Deaminaz (ADA)
miRNA
Myxoma Resistance Protein (MxA1)
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2)
FUTURE BİOMARKERS
Genome-Based Sepsis Biomarkers
Proteomics and Sepsis Markers
Intestinal Microbiota
Mitochondrial Markers
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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