Biology of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

1
Front Matter
2
Copyright
3
Dedication
4
Preface
Organization
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About-the-authors_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Diseases
About the authors
Chapter-1---The-heart_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Diseases
The heart
Introduction
Location of the heart
The pericardium
Layers of the heart wall
External anatomy of the heart
Internal anatomy of the heart
Chambers of the heart
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Valves of the heart
Cardiac muscle and electrical activity
Structure of cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle metabolism
Conduction system of the heart
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
Membrane potentials in cardiac conductive cells
Membrane potentials in cardiac contractile cells
Comparative rates of conduction system firing
Electrocardiogram
Cardiac cycle
Phases of the cardiac cycle
Atrial filling
Atrial systole and diastole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular diastole
Heart sounds
Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output
Heart rate
Stroke volume (SV)
Preload
Contractility
Afterload
Cardiac output
Cardiac reserve
Cardiovascular centers
References
Chapter-2---The-blood-vesse_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dis
The blood vessels
Introduction
Blood vessel arrangement
Shared structures of blood vessels
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Blood flow
Regulation of blood flow
Cardiac output
Compliance
Blood volume
Blood viscosity
Blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter
Blood pressure, cross-sectional area, vessel diameter, and velocity of blood flow
Capillary exchange
Bulk flow
Venous system
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
The role of exercise on systemic blood flow
References
Chapter-3---Inflammation_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Diseas
Inflammation
Introduction
Types of inflammation
Cellular components
Chemical mediators
Characteristics of inflammation
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Resolution of inflammation
Risk factors associated with chronic inflammation
Complications of chronic inflammation
Free radicals and inflammation
Role of antioxidants
Antiinflammatory agents
Diet and inflammation
Exercise and inflammation
References
Chapter-4---Obesity-and-metabolic_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabol
Obesity and metabolic syndrome
Introduction
Body mass index as an index of fat accumulation
Causes of obesity
Environmental factors
Genetic factors
Adipose tissue
Location of adipose tissue storage
Types of fat deposition
Leptin and ghrelin
Development of resistance to hormones
Metabolic syndrome
Pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome
Visceral adipose tissue
Insulin resistance
Treatment options for obesity and the metabolic syndrome
References
Chapter-5---Atherosclerosi_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dise
Atherosclerosis
Introduction
Risk factors shared by arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
Pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Endothelial cell injury
Role of macrophages
The onset of atherosclerosis
Plaque formation
The role of high-density lipoprotein in the development of atherosclerosis
C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation
Aneurysms and dissection
Pathogenesis of aneurysms
References
Chapter-6---Coronary-artery-di_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-
Coronary artery disease
Introduction
Coronary arteries
Coronary veins
Phasic variations in coronary blood flow
Regulation of coronary circulation
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Risk factors for CAD
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Pathogenesis of myocardial infarction
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction
Revascularization of the heart
Myocardial reperfusion injury
Exercise and prevention of myocardial injury
Congestive heart failure
The progression of heart failure
Common blood tests to diagnose MI
Treatment options for MI
References
Chapter-7---Renal-physiolo_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dise
Renal physiology
Introduction
External anatomy of the kidney
Internal anatomy
Nephrons
The glomerulus
The Bowman's capsule
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting ducts
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Glomerular filtration
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Regulation of glomerular filtration rate
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Reabsorption and secretion in the proximal tubule
Reabsorption and secretion in the loop of Henle
Reabsorption and secretion in the distal tubule
Reabsorption and secretion in the collecting duct
Natriuretic hormones
Diuretics and fluid volume
References
Chapter-8---Blood-pressure--hypertensi_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Me
Blood pressure, hypertension, and exercise
Introduction
Components of arterial blood pressure
Systolic and diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure
Pulse
Regulation of blood pressure
Autonomic regulation of blood pressure
Baroreceptor reflex
Chemoreceptor reflex
Endocrine regulation of blood pressure
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hypertension
Pathogenesis of essential hypertension
Genetic factors
Increased sympathetic activity
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction
Environmental factors
Hypertension and exercise
Acute physiological response to exercise
Chronic or postexercise physiological response
Graded exercise and blood pressure
Upper body exercise and blood pressure
Mechanisms involved in the blood pressure-lowering and cardioprotective effects of regular exercise
Prescription of exercise
References
Chapter-9---Cellular-metabol_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Di
Cellular metabolism
Introduction
Catabolic reactions
Anabolic reactions
Oxidation and reduction reactions
Hormonal regulation of metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
Glycolysis
Fate of pyruvate
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle/tricarboxylic acid cycle
Electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis
Protein metabolism
Digestion and absorption of proteins
Essential and nonessential amino acids
Regulation of protein metabolism
Deamination and transamination
Urea cycle
Nitrogen balance
References
Chapter-10---Lipid-metaboli_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dis
Lipid metabolism
Introduction
Digestion overview
Fate of dietary fat
Triglycerides
Digestion and absorption of lipids
Types of lipoproteins
Lipoprotein metabolism
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis
Oxidation of ketones
Lipogenesis
Management of low blood cholesterol levels
References
Chapter-11---Obesity-and-liver-_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic
Obesity and liver disease
Introduction
Anatomy of the liver
Blood supply to the liver
Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells
Production and circulation of bile
Functions of the liver
Carbohydrate metabolism
Protein metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Other metabolic functions of the liver
Cori cycle
Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver disease)
Why does excessive acetaminophen cause liver injury?
Alcoholic fatty liver disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Pathogenesis of NASH
Progression of NASH to fibrosis
Cirrhosis (fibrosis)
Portal hypertension
References
Chapter-12---Endocrine-pancr_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Di
Endocrine pancreas
Introduction
Cells and secretions of the pancreatic islets
Glucose transporters
Regulation of blood glucose levels by glucagon and insulin
Glucagon
Insulin
Mechanism of insulin secretion
Normal glucose homeostasis
Normal insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle and liver
References
Chapter-13---Diabetes-melli_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Dis
Diabetes mellitus
Introduction
Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Genetic factors
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance
Role of adipocytes in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Free fatty acids and hepatic glucose metabolism
High levels of free fatty acids and muscle glucose metabolism (Randle cycle)
Insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle
Glycation and reactive oxygen species
Acute consequences of diabetes mellitus
Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
Hemoglobin A1c test
Glucose uptake during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Diabetes and exercise
References
Index_2022_Biology-of-Cardiovascular-and-Metabolic-Diseases
Index