Biology for AP® Courses

Preface
1. About OpenStax
2. About OpenStax resources
3. About Biology for AP® Courses
4. Additional resources
5. About the authors
6. Curriculum Framework for AP® Biology
Chapter 1. The Study of Life
1.1. The Science of Biology*
1.2. Themes and Concepts of Biology*
Glossary
Chapter 2. The Chemical Foundation of Life
2.1. Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks*
2.2. Water*
2.3. Carbon*
Glossary
Chapter 3. Biological Macromolecules
3.1. Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules*
3.2. Carbohydrates*
3.3. Lipids*
3.4. Proteins*
3.5. Nucleic Acids*
Glossary
Chapter 4. Cell Structure
4.1. Studying Cells*
4.2. Prokaryotic Cells*
4.3. Eukaryotic Cells*
4.4. The Endomembrane System and Proteins*
4.5. Cytoskeleton*
4.6. Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities*
Glossary
Chapter 5. Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
5.1. Components and Structure*
5.2. Passive Transport*
5.3. Active Transport*
5.4. Bulk Transport*
Glossary
Chapter 6. Metabolism
6.1. Energy and Metabolism*
6.2. Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy*
6.3. The Laws of Thermodynamics*
6.4. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate*
6.5. Enzymes*
Glossary
Chapter 7. Cellular Respiration
7.1. Energy in Living Systems*
7.2. Glycolysis*
7.3. Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle*
7.4. Oxidative Phosphorylation*
7.5. Metabolism without Oxygen*
7.6. Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways*
7.7. Regulation of Cellular Respiration*
Glossary
Chapter 8. Photosynthesis
8.1. Overview of Photosynthesis*
8.2. The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis*
8.3. Using Light to Make Organic Molecules*
Glossary
Chapter 9. Cell Communication
9.1. Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors*
9.2. Propagation of the Signal*
9.3. Response to the Signal*
9.4. Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms*
Glossary
Chapter 10. Cell Reproduction
10.1. Cell Division*
10.2. The Cell Cycle*
10.3. Control of the Cell Cycle*
10.4. Cancer and the Cell Cycle*
10.5. Prokaryotic Cell Division*
Glossary
Chapter 11. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
11.1. The Process of Meiosis*
11.2. Sexual Reproduction*
Glossary
Chapter 12. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
12.1. Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability*
12.2. Characteristics and Traits*
12.3. Laws of Inheritance*
Glossary
Chapter 13. Modern Understandings of Inheritance
13.1. Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages*
13.2. Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders*
Glossary
Chapter 14. DNA Structure and Function
14.1. Historical Basis of Modern Understanding*
14.2. DNA Structure and Sequencing*
14.3. Basics of DNA Replication*
14.4. DNA Replication in Prokaryotes*
14.5. DNA Replication in Eukaryotes*
14.6. DNA Repair*
Glossary
Chapter 15. Genes and Proteins
15.1. The Genetic Code*
15.2. Prokaryotic Transcription*
15.3. Eukaryotic Transcription*
15.4. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes*
15.5. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis*
Glossary
Chapter 16. Gene Regulation
16.1. Regulation of Gene Expression*
16.2. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation*
16.3. Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation*
16.4. Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation*
16.5. Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation*
16.6. Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation*
16.7. Cancer and Gene Regulation*
Glossary
Chapter 17. Biotechnology and Genomics
17.1. Biotechnology*
17.2. Mapping Genomes*
17.3. Whole-Genome Sequencing*
17.4. Applying Genomics*
17.5. Genomics and Proteomics*
Glossary
Chapter 18. Evolution and Origin of Species
18.1. Understanding Evolution*
18.2. Formation of New Species*
18.3. Reconnection and Rates of Speciation*
Glossary
Chapter 19. The Evolution of Populations
19.1. Population Evolution*
19.2. Population Genetics*
19.3. Adaptive Evolution*
Glossary
Chapter 20. Phylogenies and the History of Life
20.1. Organizing Life on Earth*
20.2. Determining Evolutionary Relationships*
20.3. Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree*
Glossary
Chapter 21. Viruses
21.1. Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification*
21.2. Virus Infection and Hosts*
21.3. Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections*
21.4. Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids*
Glossary
Chapter 22. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
22.1. Prokaryotic Diversity*
22.2. Structure of Prokaryotes*
22.3. Prokaryotic Metabolism*
22.4. Bacterial Diseases in Humans*
22.5. Beneficial Prokaryotes*
Glossary
Chapter 23. Plant Form and Physiology
23.1. The Plant Body*
23.2. Stems*
23.3. Roots*
23.4. Leaves*
23.5. Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants*
23.6. Plant Sensory Systems and Responses*
Glossary
Chapter 24. The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
24.1. Animal Form and Function*
24.2. Animal Primary Tissues*
24.3. Homeostasis*
Glossary
Chapter 25. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
25.1. Digestive Systems*
25.2. Nutrition and Energy Production*
25.3. Digestive System Processes*
25.4. Digestive System Regulation*
Glossary
Chapter 26. The Nervous System
26.1. Neurons and Glial Cells*
26.2. How Neurons Communicate*
26.3. The Central Nervous System*
26.4. The Peripheral Nervous System*
26.5. Nervous System Disorders*
Glossary
Chapter 27. Sensory Systems
27.1. Sensory Processes*
27.2. Somatosensation*
27.3. Taste and Smell*
27.4. Hearing and Vestibular Sensation*
27.5. Vision*
Glossary
Chapter 28. The Endocrine System
28.1. Types of Hormones*
28.2. How Hormones Work*
28.3. Regulation of Body Processes*
28.4. Regulation of Hormone Production*
28.5. Endocrine Glands*
Glossary
Chapter 29. The Musculoskeletal System
29.1. Types of Skeletal Systems*
29.2. Bone*
29.3. Joints and Skeletal Movement*
29.4. Muscle Contraction and Locomotion*
Glossary
Chapter 30. The Respiratory System
30.1. Systems of Gas Exchange*
30.2. Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces*
30.3. Breathing*
30.4. Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids*
Glossary
Chapter 31. The Circulatory System
31.1. Overview of the Circulatory System*
31.2. Components of the Blood*
31.3. Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels*
31.4. Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation*
Glossary
Chapter 32. Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
32.1. Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance*
32.2. The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs*
32.3. Excretion Systems*
32.4. Nitrogenous Wastes*
32.5. Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions*
Glossary
Chapter 33. The Immune System
33.1. Innate Immune Response*
33.2. Adaptive Immune Response*
33.3. Antibodies*
33.4. Disruptions in the Immune System*
Glossary
Chapter 34. Animal Reproduction and Development
34.1. Reproduction Methods*
34.2. Fertilization*
34.3. Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis*
34.4. Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction*
34.5. Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development*
34.6. Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation*
34.7. Human Pregnancy and Birth*
Glossary
Chapter 35. Ecology and the Biosphere
35.1. The Scope of Ecology*
35.2. Biogeography*
35.3. Terrestrial Biomes*
35.4. Aquatic Biomes*
35.5. Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change*
Glossary
Chapter 36. Population and Community Ecology
36.1. Population Demography*
36.2. Life Histories and Natural Selection*
36.3. Environmental Limits to Population Growth*
36.4. Population Dynamics and Regulation*
36.5. Human Population Growth*
36.6. Community Ecology*
36.7. Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior*
Glossary
Chapter 37. Ecosystems
37.1. Ecology for Ecosystems*
37.2. Energy Flow through Ecosystems*
37.3. Biogeochemical Cycles*
Glossary
Chapter 38. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
38.1. The Biodiversity Crisis*
38.2. The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life*
38.3. Threats to Biodiversity*
38.4. Preserving Biodiversity*
Glossary
Appendix A. The Periodic Table of Elements*
Appendix B. Geological Time*
Appendix C. Measurements and the Metric System*
Index