Biology

Cover
......Page 1
Copyright
......Page 3
About the Authors
......Page 4
Preface
......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 15
Contents......Page 16
Chapter 1: A View of Life
......Page 20
1.1 The Characteristics of Life......Page 21
1.2 Evolution and the Classification of Life......Page 25
1.3 The Process of Science......Page 28
1.4 Challenges Facing Science......Page 32
Unit 1: The Cell
......Page 37
Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry
......Page 38
2.1 Chemical Elements......Page 39
2.2 Molecules and Compounds......Page 43
2.3 Chemistry of Water......Page 45
2.4 Acids and Bases......Page 49
Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Organic Molecules
......Page 54
3.1 Organic Molecules......Page 55
3.2 Carbohydrates......Page 58
3.3 Lipids......Page 61
3.4 Proteins......Page 65
3.5 Nucleic Acids......Page 69
Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function
......Page 76
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization......Page 77
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells......Page 81
4.3 Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells......Page 83
4.4 The Nucleus and Ribosomes......Page 86
4.5 The Endomembrane System......Page 88
4.6 Microbodies and Vacuoles......Page 91
4.7 The Energy-Related Organelles......Page 92
4.8 The Cytoskeleton......Page 94
Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function
......Page 101
5.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function......Page 102
5.2 Passive Transport Across a Membrane......Page 107
5.3 Active Transport Across a Membrane......Page 110
5.4 Modification of Cell Surfaces......Page 114
Chapter 6: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
......Page 119
6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy......Page 120
6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations......Page 122
6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes......Page 124
6.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Metabolism......Page 128
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis
......Page 133
7.1 Photosynthetic Organisms......Page 134
7.2 The Process of Photosynthesis......Page 136
7.3 Plants Convert Solar Energy......Page 138
7.4 Plants Fix Carbon Dioxide......Page 142
7.5 Other Types of Photosynthesis......Page 144
Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration
......Page 148
8.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration......Page 149
8.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis......Page 151
8.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation......Page 153
8.4 Inside the Mitochondria......Page 155
8.5 Metabolism......Page 160
Unit 2: Genetic Basis of Life
......Page 165
Chapter 9: The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
......Page 166
9.1 The Cell Cycle......Page 167
9.2 The Eukaryotic Chromosome......Page 170
9.3 Mitosis and Cytokinesis......Page 171
9.4 The Cell Cycle and Cancer......Page 177
9.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division......Page 180
Chapter 10: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
......Page 185
10.1 Overview of Meiosis......Page 186
10.2 Genetic Variation......Page 188
10.3 The Phases of Meiosis......Page 191
10.4 Meiosis Compared to Mitosis......Page 193
10.5 The Cycle of Life......Page 195
10.6 Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure......Page 196
Chapter 11: Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
......Page 205
11.1 Gregor Mendel......Page 206
11.2 Mendel's Laws......Page 207
11.3 Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance and Human Disease......Page 213
11.4 Beyond Mendelian Inheritance......Page 217
Chapter 12: Molecular Biology of the Gene
......Page 226
12.1 The Genetic Material......Page 227
12.2 Replication of DNA......Page 232
12.3 The Genetic Code of Life......Page 234
12.4 First Step: Transcription......Page 236
12.5 Second Step: Translation......Page 239
Chapter 13: Regulation of Gene Expression
......Page 247
13.1 Prokaryotic Regulation......Page 248
13.2 Eukaryotic Regulation......Page 251
13.3 Gene Mutations......Page 257
Chapter 14: Biotechnology and Genomics
......Page 263
14.1 DNA Cloning......Page 264
14.2 Biotechnology Products......Page 266
14.3 Gene Therapy......Page 269
14.4 Genomics......Page 270
Unit 3: Evolution
......Page 279
Chapter 15: Darwin and Evolution
......Page 280
15.1 History of Evolutionary Thought......Page 281
15.2 Darwin's Theory of Evolution......Page 284
15.3 Evidence for Evolution......Page 289
Chapter 16: How Populations Evolve
......Page 298
16.1 Genes, Populations, and Evolution......Page 299
16.2 Natural Selection......Page 305
16.3 Maintenance of Diversity......Page 309
Chapter 17: Speciation and Macroevolution
......Page 315
17.1 How New Species Evolve......Page 316
17.2 Modes of Speciation......Page 322
17.3 Principles of Macroevolution......Page 327
Chapter 18: Origin and History of Life
......Page 336
18.1 Origin of Life......Page 337
18.2 History of Life......Page 342
18.3 Geological Factors That Influence Evolution......Page 351
Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny
......Page 356
19.1 Systematic Biology......Page 357
19.2 The Three-Domain System......Page 360
19.3 Phylogeny......Page 363
Unit 4: Microbiology and Evolution
......Page 371
Chapter 20: Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea
......Page 372
20.1 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions......Page 373
20.2 The Prokaryotes......Page 379
20.3 The Bacteria......Page 382
20.4 The Archaea......Page 387
Chapter 21: Protist Evolution and Diversity
......Page 392
21.1 General Biology of Protists......Page 393
21.2 Supergroup Archaeplastida......Page 396
21.3 Supergroup Chromalveolata......Page 399
21.4 Supergroup Excavata......Page 404
21.5 Supergroups Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, and Rhizaria......Page 408
Chapter 22: Fungi Evolution and Diversity
......Page 414
22.1 Evolution and Characteristics of Fungi......Page 415
22.2 Diversity of Fungi......Page 417
22.3 Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi......Page 424
Unit 5: Plant Evolution and Biology
......Page 429
Chapter 23: Plant Evolution and Diversity
......Page 430
23.1 Ancestry and Features of Land Plants......Page 431
23.2 Evolution of Bryophytes: Colonization of Land......Page 434
23.3 Evolution of Lycophytes: Vascular Tissue......Page 436
23.4 Evolution of Pteridophytes: Megaphylls......Page 438
23.5 Evolution of Seed Plants: Full Adaptation to Land......Page 442
Chapter 24: Flowering Plants: Structure and Organization
......Page 454
24.1 Cells and Tissues of Flowering Plants......Page 455
24.2 Organs of Flowering Plants......Page 459
24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots......Page 461
24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems......Page 464
24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves......Page 469
Chapter 25: Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport
......Page 475
25.1 Plant Nutrition and Soil......Page 476
25.2 Water and Mineral Uptake......Page 480
25.3 Transport Mechanisms in Plants......Page 484
Chapter 26: Flowering Plants: Control of Growth Responses
......Page 495
26.1 Plant Hormones......Page 496
26.2 Plant Growth and Movement Responses......Page 504
26.3 Plant Responses to Phytochrome......Page 508
Chapter 27: Flowering Plants: Reproduction
......Page 514
27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies......Page 515
27.2 Seed Development......Page 521
27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal......Page 523
27.4 Asexual Reproductive Strategies......Page 526
Unit 6: Animal Evolution and Diversity
......Page 531
Chapter 28: Invertebrate Evolution
......Page 532
28.1 Evolution of Animals......Page 533
28.2 The Simplest Invertebrates......Page 540
28.3 Diversity Among the Lophotrochozoans......Page 543
28.4 Diversity of the Ecdysozoans......Page 551
28.5 Invertebrate Deuterostomes......Page 558
Chapter 29: Vertebrate Evolution
......Page 563
29.1 The Chordates......Page 564
29.2 The Vertebrates......Page 566
29.3 The Fishes......Page 567
29.4 The Amphibians......Page 570
29.5 The Reptiles......Page 572
29.6 The Mammals......Page 578
Chapter 30: Human Evolution
......Page 583
30.1 Evolution of Primates......Page 584
30.2 Evolution of Humanlike Hominins......Page 588
30.3 Evolution of Early Genus Homo......Page 591
30.4 Evolution of Later Genus Homo......Page 592
Unit 7: Comparative Animal Biology
......Page 599
Chapter 31: Animal Organization and Homeostasis
......Page 600
31.1 Types of Tissues......Page 601
31.2 Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities......Page 608
31.3 The Integumentary System......Page 610
31.4 Homeostasis......Page 613
Chapter 32: Circulation and Cardiovascular Systems
......Page 619
32.1 Transport in Invertebrates......Page 620
32.2 Transport in Vertebrates......Page 622
32.3 The Human Cardiovascular System......Page 624
32.4 Blood......Page 632
Chapter 33: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
......Page 640
33.1 Evolution of Immune Systems......Page 641
33.2 The Lymphatic System......Page 642
33.3 Innate Immune Defenses......Page 644
33.4 Adaptive Immune Defenses......Page 647
33.5 Immune System Disorders and Adverse Reactions......Page 655
Chapter 34: Digestive Systems and Nutrition
......Page 660
34.1 Digestive Tracts......Page 661
34.2 The Human Digestive System......Page 664
34.3 Digestive Enzymes......Page 670
34.4 Nutrition and Human Health......Page 671
Chapter 35: Respiratory Systems
......Page 678
35.1 Gas- Exchange Surfaces......Page 679
35.2 Breathing and Transport of Gases......Page 684
35.3 Respiration and Human Health......Page 688
Chapter 36: Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory Systems
......Page 696
36.1 Animal Excretory Systems......Page 697
36.2 The Human Urinary System......Page 700
Chapter 37: Neurons and Nervous Systems
......Page 710
37.1 Evolution of the Nervous System......Page 711
37.2 Nervous Tissue......Page 714
37.3 The Central Nervous System......Page 718
37.4 The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 726
Chapter 38: Sense Organs
......Page 733
38.1 Sensory Receptors......Page 734
38.2 Chemical Senses......Page 735
38.3 Sense of Vision......Page 737
38.4 Senses of Hearing and Balance......Page 743
38.5 Somatic Senses......Page 748
Chapter 39: Locomotion and Support Systems
......Page 752
39.1 Diversity of Skeletons......Page 753
39.2 The Human Skeletal System......Page 755
39.3 The Muscular System......Page 761
Chapter 40: Hormones and Endocrine Systems
......Page 769
40.1 Animal Hormones......Page 770
40.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland......Page 774
40.3 Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones......Page 777
Chapter 41: Reproductive Systems
......Page 789
41.1 How Animals Reproduce......Page 790
41.2 Human Male Reproductive System......Page 792
41.3 Human Female Reproductive System......Page 796
41.4 Control of Human Reproduction......Page 800
41.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 804
Chapter 42: Animal Development
......Page 812
42.1 Early Developmental Stages......Page 813
42.2 Developmental Processes......Page 817
42.3 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development......Page 821
42.4 The Aging Process......Page 828
Unit 8: Behavior and Ecology
......Page 835
Chapter 43: Behavioral Ecology
......Page 836
43.1 Inheritance Influences Behavior......Page 837
43.2 The Environment Influences Behavior......Page 839
43.3 Animal Communication......Page 843
43.4 Behaviors That Increase Fitness......Page 847
Chapter 44: Population Ecology
......Page 855
44.1 Scope of Ecology......Page 856
44.2 Demographics of Populations......Page 857
44.3 Population Growth Models......Page 860
44.4 Regulation of Population Size......Page 863
44.5 Life History Patterns......Page 865
44.6 Human Population Growth......Page 868
Chapter 45: Community and Ecosystem Ecology
......Page 874
45.1 Ecology of Communities......Page 875
45.2 Community Development......Page 885
45.3 Dynamics of an Ecosystem......Page 887
Chapter 46: Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere
......Page 900
46.1 Climate and the Biosphere......Page 901
46.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 904
46.3 Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 914
Chapter 47: Conservation of Biodiversity
......Page 924
47.1 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity......Page 925
47.2 Value of Biodiversity......Page 927
47.3 Causes of Extinction......Page 930
47.4 Conservation Techniques......Page 935
Appendix A: Answer Key
......Page 942
Appendix B: Tree of Life
......Page 957
A......Page 959
B......Page 960
C......Page 961
D......Page 964
E......Page 965
G......Page 967
H......Page 968
I......Page 969
L......Page 970
M......Page 971
O......Page 973
P......Page 974
R......Page 977
S......Page 978
T......Page 980
W......Page 981
Z......Page 982
Photographs......Page 983
Line Art and Text......Page 986
A......Page 987
B......Page 989
C......Page 992
D......Page 995
E......Page 997
F
......Page 999
G......Page 1001
H......Page 1002
I......Page 1004
K......Page 1005
L......Page 1006
M......Page 1007
O......Page 1010
P......Page 1011
R......Page 1015
S......Page 1016
T......Page 1020
V
......Page 1022
Z......Page 1023