Biology

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A Modern Vision for Learning: Emphasizing Core Concepts and Core Skills
Preparing Students for Careers in Biololgy with NEW Cutting-Edge Content
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Contents
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biology
1.1 Levels of Biology
1.2 Core Concepts of Biology
1.3 Biological Evolution
Core Concept: Evolution: The Study of Genomes and Proteomes Provides an Evolutionary Foundation for Our Understanding of Biology
1.4 Classification of Living Things
1.5 Biology as a Scientific Discipline
1.6 Core Skills of Biology
Feature Investigation: Observation and Experimentation Form the Core of Biology
UNIT I: Chemistry
Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water
2.1 Atoms
Feature Investigation: Rutherford Determined the Modern Model of the Atom
2.2 Chemical Bonds and Molecules
2.3 Properties of Water
2.4 pH and Buffers
Chapter 3: The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules
3.1 The Carbon Atom
3.2 Formation of Organic Molecules and Macromolecules
3.3 Overview of the Four Major Classes of Organic Molecules Found in Living Cells
3.4 Carbohydrates
3.5 Lipids
3.6 Proteins
Feature Investigation: Anfinsen Showed That the Primary Structure of Ribonuclease Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure
Core Concept: Evolution: Proteins Contain Functional Domains
3.7 Nucleic Acids
UNIT II: Cell
Chapter 4: Evolutionary Origin of Cells and Their General Features
4.1 Origin of Living Cells on Earth
4.2 Microscopy
4.3 Overview of Cell Structure and Function
Core Concepts: Information, Structure and Function: The Characteristics of a Cell Are Largely Determined by the Proteins It Makes
4.4 The Cytosol
4.5 The Nucleus and Endomembrane System
Feature Investigation: Palade Discovered That Proteins Destined for Secretion Move Sequentially Through Organelles of the Endomembrane System
4.6 Semiautonomous Organelles
4.7 Protein Sorting to Organelles
4.8 Systems Biology of Cells: A Summary
Chapter 5: Membrane Structure, Synthesis, and Transport
5.1 Membrane Structure
Core Concept: Information: Approximately 20–30% of All Genes Encode Transmembrane Proteins
5.2 Fluidity of Membranes
5.3 Synthesis of Membrane Components in Eukaryotic Cells
5.4 Overview of Membrane Transport
5.5 Transport Proteins
Feature Investigation: Agre Discovered That Osmosis Occurs More Quickly in Cells with a Channel That Allows the Facilitated Diffusion of Water
5.6 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Chapter 6: An Introduction to Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism
6.1 Energy and Chemical Reactions
Core Concept: Information, Energy and Matter: Genomes Encode Many Proteins That Use ATP as a Source of Energy
6.2 Enzymes and Ribozymes
Feature Investigation: The Discovery of Ribozymes by Sidney Altman Revealed That RNA Molecules May Also Function as Catalysts
6.3 Overview of Metabolism
6.4 Recycling of Organic Molecules
Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration
7.2 Glycolysis
Core Concept: Information: The Overexpression of Certain Genes Causes Cancer Cells to Exhibit High Levels of Glycolysis
7.3 Breakdown of Pyruvate
7.4 Citric Acid Cycle
7.5 Overview of Oxidative Phosphorylation
7.6 A Closer Look at ATP Synthase
Feature Investigation: Yoshida and Kinosita Demonstrated That the γ Subunit of ATP Synthase Spins
7.7 Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism
7.8 Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
8.2 Reactions That Harness Light Energy
Core Concepts: Evolution, Structure and Function: The Cytochrome Complexes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain Evolutionarily Related Proteins
8.3 Molecular Features of Photosystems
8.4 Synthesizing Carbohydrates via the Calvin Cycle
Feature Investigation: The Calvin Cycle Was Determined by Isotope-Labeling Methods
8.5 Variations in Photosynthesis
Chapter 9: Cell Communication
9.1 General Features of Cell Communication
9.2 Cellular Receptors and Their Activation
9.3 Signal Transduction and the Cellular Response
9.4 Hormonal Signaling in Multicellular Organisms
Core Concept: Information: A Cell's Response to Hormones and Other Signaling Molecules Depends on the Genes It Expresses
9.5 Apoptosis: Programmed Cell Death
Feature Investigation: Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie Found That Hormones May Control Apoptosis
Chapter 10: Multicellularity
10.1 Extracellular Matrix and Cell Walls
Core Concepts: Evolution, Structure and Function: Collagens Are a Family of Proteins That Give the ECM of Animals a Variety of Properties
10.2 Cell Junctions
Feature Investigation: Loewenstein and Colleagues Followed the Transfer of Fluorescent Dyes to Determine the Size of Gap- Junction Channels
10.3 Tissues
UNIT III: Genetics
Chapter 11: Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure
11.1 Biochemical Identification of the Genetic Material
Feature Investigation: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Used Purification Methods to Reveal That DNA Is the Genetic Material
11.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
11.3 Overview of DNA Replication
11.4 Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication
Core Concepts: Evolution, Structure and Function: DNA Polymerases Are a Family of Enzymes with Specialized Functions
11.5 Molecular Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Chapter 12: Gene Expression at the Molecular Level I: Production of mRNA and Proteins
12.1 Overview of Gene Expression
12.2 Transcription
12.3 RNA Modification in Eukaryotes
12.4 Translation and the Genetic Code
Feature Investigation: Nirenberg and Leder Found That RNA Triplets Can Promote the Binding of tRNA to Ribosomes
12.5 The Machinery of Translation
Core Concept: Evolution: Comparisons of Small Subunit rRNAs Among Different Species Provide a Basis for Establishing Evolutionary Relationships
12.6 The Stages of Translation
Chapter 13: Gene Expression at the Molecular Level II: Non-coding RNAs
13.1 Overview of Non-coding RNAs
13.2 Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Chromatin Structure and Transcription
13.3 Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Translation and mRNA Degradation
Feature Investigation: Fire and Mello Showed That Double-Stranded RNA Is More Potent Than Antisense RNA in Silencing mRNA
13.4 Non-coding RNAs and Protein Sorting
13.5 Non-coding RNAs and Genome Defense
13.6 Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Human Disease and Plant Health
Chapter 14: Gene Expression at the Molecular Level III: Gene Regulation
14.1 Overview of Gene Regulation
14.2 Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria
Feature Investigation: Jacob, Monod, and Pardee Studied a Constitutive Mutant to Determine the Function of the Lac Repressor
14.3 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes I: Roles of Transcription Factors and Mediator
14.4 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes II: Changes in Chromatin Structure and DNA Methylation
14.5 Regulation of RNA Modification and Translation in Eukaryotes
Core Concepts: Evolution, Information: Alternative Splicing Is More Prevalent in Complex Eukaryotic Species
Chapter 15: Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer
15.1 Consequences of Mutations
15.2 Causes of Mutations
Feature Investigation: The Lederbergs Used Replica Plating to Show That Mutations Are Random Events
15.3 DNA Repair
15.4 Cancer
Core Concept: Evolution: Mutations in Approximately
Human Genes May Promote Cancer
Chapter 16: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis
16.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Feature Investigation: Masui and Markert's Study of Oocyte Maturation Led to the Identification of Cyclins and Cyclin- Dependent Kinases
16.2 Mitotic Cell Division
Core Concept: Evolution: Mitosis in Eukaryotes Evolved from the Binary Fission That Occurs in Prokaryotic Cells
16.3 Meiosis
16.4 Sexual Reproduction
16.5 Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
Chapter 17: Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
17.1 Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
17.2 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
17.3 Pedigree Analysis of Human Traits
17.4 Sex Chromosomes and X-Linked Inheritance Patterns
Feature Investigation: Morgan's Experiments Showed a Correlation Between a Genetic Trait and the Inheritance of a Sex Chromosome in Drosophila
17.5 Variations in Inheritance Patterns and Their Molecular Basis
Core Concept: Systems: The Expression of a Single Gene Often Has Multiple Effects on Phenotype
17.6 Gene Interaction
17.7 Genetics and Probability
Chapter 18: Epigenetics, Linkage, and Extranuclear Inheritance
18.1 Overview of Epigenetics
18.2 Epigenetics I: Genomic Imprinting
18.3 Epigenetics II: X-Chromosome Inactivation
18.4 Epigenetics III: Effects of Environmental Agents
18.5 Extranuclear Inheritance: Organelle Genomes
Core Concepts: Evolution, Information: Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genomes Are Relatively Small, but Contain Genes That Encode Important Proteins
18.6 Genes on the Same Chromosome: Linkage and Recombination
Feature Investigation: Bateson and Punnett's Cross of Sweet Peas Showed That Genes Do Not Always Assort Independently
Chapter 19: Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
19.1 General Properties of Viruses
19.2 Viral Reproductive Cycles
Core Concept: Evolution: Several Hypotheses Have Been Proposed to Explain the Origin of Viruses
19.3 Viroids and Prions
19.4 Genetic Properties of Bacteria
19.5 Gene Transfer Between Bacteria
Feature Investigation: Lederberg and Tatum's Work with E. coli Demonstrated Gene Transfer Between Bacteria and Led to the Discovery of Conjugation
Core Concept: Evolution: Horizontal Gene Transfer Can Occur Within a Species or Between Different Species
Chapter 20: Developmental Genetics
20.1 General Themes in Development
20.2 Development in Animals I: Pattern Formation
Core Concept: Evolution: A Homologous Group of Homeotic Genes Is Found in Nearly All Animals
20.3 Development in Animals II: Cell Differentiation
Feature Investigation: Davis, Weintraub, and Lassar Identified Genes That Promote Muscle Cell Differentiation
20.4 Development in Plants
Chapter 21: Genetic Technologies and Genomics
21.1 Gene Cloning
21.2 Genomics: Techniques for Studying and Altering Genomes
21.3 Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes
Feature Investigation: Venter, Smith, and Colleagues Sequenced the First Genome in 1995
21.4 Eukaryotic Genomes
Core Concept: Evolution: Gene Duplications Provide Additional Material for Genome Evolution, Sometimes Leading to the Formation of Gene Families
21.5 Repetitive Sequences and Transposable Elements
UNIT IV: Evolution
Chapter 22: An Introduction to Evolution
22.1 Overview of Evolution
Feature Investigation: The Grants Observed Natural Selection in Galápagos Finches
22.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change
22.3 The Molecular Processes That Underlie Evolution
Core Concept: Evolution: Gene Duplications Produce Gene Families
Chapter 23: Population Genetics
23.1 Genes in Populations
Core Concept: Evolution: Genes Are Usually Polymorphic
23.2 Natural Selection
23.3 Sexual Selection
Feature Investigation: Seehausen and van Alphen Found That Male Coloration in African Cichlids Is Subject to Female Choice
23.4 Genetic Drift
23.5 Migration and Nonrandom Mating
Chapter 24: Origin of Species and Macroevolution
24.1 Identification of Species
24.2 Mechanisms of Speciation
Feature Investigation: Podos Found That an Adaptation for Feeding May Have Promoted Reproductive Isolation in Finches
24.3 The Pace of Speciation
24.4 Evo-Devo: Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Core Concept: Evolution: The Study of the Pax6 Gene Indicates That Different Types of Eyes Evolved from One Simple Form
Chapter 25: Taxonomy and Systematics
25.1 Taxonomy
25.2 Phylogenetic Trees
25.3 Cladistics
Feature Investigation: Cooper and Colleagues Compared DNA Sequences from Extinct Flightless Birds and Existing Species to Propose a New Phylogenetic Tree
25.4 Molecular Clocks
25.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer
Core Concept: Evolution: Due to Horizontal Gene Transfer, the "Tree of Life" Is Really a "Web of Life"
Chapter 26: History of Life on Earth and Human Evolution
26.1 The Fossil Record
26.2 History of Life on Earth
Core Concept: Evolution: The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Involved a Union Between Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
26.3 Human Evolution
Core Concept: Evolution: Comparing the Genomes of Humans and Chimpanzees
UNIT V: Diversity
Chapter 27: Archaea and Bacteria
27.1 Diversity and Evolution
27.2 Structure and Movement
27.3 Reproduction
27.4 Nutrition and Metabolism
27.5 Ecological Roles and Biotechnology Applications
Feature Investigation: Dantas and Colleagues Found That Many Bacteria Can Break Down and Consume Antibiotics as a Sole Carbon Source
Core Concept: Evolution: The Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens
Chapter 28: Protists
28.1 An Introduction to Protists
28.2 Evolution and Relationships
Core Concept: Evolution: Genome Sequences Reveal the Different Evolutionary Pathways of Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis
28.3 Nutritional and Defensive Adaptations
Feature Investigation: Cook and Colleagues Demonstrated That Cellulose Helps Green Algae Avoid Chemical Degradation
28.4 Reproductive Adaptations
Chapter 29: Fungi
29.1 Evolution and Distinctive Features of Fungi
29.2 Overview of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Fungi
29.3 Diversity of Fungi
29.4 Fungal Ecology and Biotechnology
Feature Investigation: Márquez and Associates Discovered That a Three-Partner Symbiosis Allows Plants to Cope with Heat Stress
Chapter 30: Microbiomes: Microbial Systems On and Around Us
30.1 Microbiomes: Diversity of Microbes and Functions
30.2 Microbiomes of Physical Systems
30.3 Host-Associated Microbiomes
Feature Investigation: Blanton, Gordon, and Associates Found That Gut Microbiomes Affect the Growth of Malnourished Children
30.4 Engineering Animal and Plant Microbiomes
Chapter 31: Plants and the Conquest of Land
31.1 Ancestry and Diversity of Modern Plants
Core Concepts: Evolution, Information: Comparison of Plant Genomes Reveals Genetic Changes That Occurred During Plant Evolution
31.2 How Land Plants Have Changed the Earth
31.3 Evolution of Reproductive Features in Land Plants
31.4 Evolutionary Importance of the Plant Embryo
Feature Investigation: Browning and Gunning Demonstrated That Placental Transfer Tissues Facilitate the Movement of Organic Molecules from Gametophytes to Sporophytes
31.5 The Origin and Evolutionary Importance of Leaves and Seeds
31.6 A Summary of Plant Features
Chapter 32: The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
32.1 Overview of Seed Plant Diversity
32.2 The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms
32.3 The Evolution and Diversity of Modern Angiosperms
Core Concept: Evolution: Whole-Genome Duplications Influenced the Evolution of Flowering Plants
Feature Investigation: Hillig and Mahlberg Analyzed Secondary Metabolites to Explore Species Diversification in the Genus Cannabis
32.4 The Role of Coevolution in Angiosperm Diversification
32.5 Human Influences on Angiosperm Diversification
Chapter 33: An Introduction to Animal Diversity
33.1 Characteristics of Animals
33.2 Animal Classification
Core Concept: Evolution: Changes in Hox Gene Expression Control Body Segment Specialization
33.3 The Use of Molecular Data in Constructing Phylogenetic Trees for Animals
Feature Investigation: Aguinaldo and Colleagues Analyzed SSU rRNA Sequences to Determine the Taxonomic Relationships of Arthropods to Other Phyla in Protostomia
Chapter 34: The Invertebrates
34.1 Ctenophores: The Earliest Animals
34.2 Porifera: The Sponges
34.3 Cnidaria: Jellyfish and Other Radially Symmetric Animals
34.4 Lophotrochozoa: The Flatworms, Rotifers, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Mollusks, and Annelids
Feature Investigation: Fiorito and Scotto's Experiments Showed That Invertebrates Can Exhibit Sophisticated Observational Learning Behavior
34.5 Ecdysozoa: The Nematodes and Arthropods
Core Concept: Information: DNA Barcoding: A New Tool for Species Identification
34.6 Deuterostomia: The Echinoderms and Chordates
34.7 A Comparison of Animal Phyla
Chapter 35: The Vertebrates
35.1 Vertebrates: Chordates with a Backbone
35.2 Cyclostomata: Jawless Fishes
35.3 Gnathostomes: Jawed Vertebrates
35.4 Tetrapods: Gnathostomes with Four Limbs
Feature Investigation: Davis and Colleagues Provided a Genetic-Developmental Explanation for Limb Length in Tetrapods
35.5 Amniotes: Tetrapods with a Desiccation-Resistant Egg
35.6 Mammals: Milk-Producing Amniotes
UNIT VI: Flowering Plants
Chapter 36: An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function
36.1 From Seed to Seed—The Life of a Flowering Plant
36.2 How Plants Grow and Develop
36.3 The Shoot System: Stem and Leaf Adaptations
Feature Investigation: Sack and Colleagues Showed That Palmate Venation Confers Tolerance of Leaf Vein Breakage
Core Concept: Information: Genetic Control of Stomatal Guard- Cell Development
36.4 Root System Adaptations
Chapter 37: Flowering Plants: Behavior
37.1 Overview of Plant Behavioral Responses
37.2 Plant Hormones
Feature Investigation: An Experiment Performed by Briggs Revealed the Role of Auxin in Phototropism
Core Concept: Evolution: Gibberellin Function Arose in a Series of Stages During Plant Evolution
37.3 Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli
Chapter 38: Flowering Plants: Nutrition
38.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
38.2 The Role of Soil in Plant Nutrition
Feature Investigation: Hammond and Colleagues Engineered Smart Plants That Can Communicate Their Phosphate Needs
38.3 Biological Sources of Plant Nutrients
Core Concepts: Systems, Information: Development of Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses
Chapter 39: Flowering Plants: Transport
39.1 Overview of Plant Transport
39.2 Uptake and Movement of Materials at the Cellular Level
39.3 Tissue-Level Transport
39.4 Long-Distance Transport
Feature Investigation: Park, Cutler, and Colleagues Genetically Engineered an ABA Receptor Protein to Foster Crop Survival During Droughts
Chapter 40: Flowering Plants: Reproduction
40.1 An Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
40.2 Flower Production, Structure, and Development
Feature Investigation: Liang and Mahadevan Used Time-Lapse Video and Mathematical Modeling to Explain How Flowers Bloom
40.3 Male and Female Gametophytes and Double Fertilization
40.4 Embryo, Seed, Fruit, and Seedling Development
40.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Core Concept: Evolution: The Evolution of Plantlet Production in Kalanchoë
Unit VII: Animals
Chapter 41: Animal Bodies and Homeostasis
41.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
Core Concept: Information: Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by Hox Genes
41.2 The Relationship Between Structure and Function
41.3 General Principles of Homeostasis
41.4 Homeostatic Control of Internal Fluids
Feature Investigation: Cade and Colleagues Discovered Why Athletes' Performances Wane on Hot Days
Chapter 42: Neuroscience I: Cells of the Nervous System
42.1 Cellular Components of Nervous Systems
42.2 Electrical Properties of Neurons and the Resting Membrane Potential
42.3 Generation and Transmission of Electrical Signals Along Neurons
42.4 Electrical and Chemical Communication at Synapses
Feature Investigation: Otto Loewi Discovered Acetylcholine
Core Concepts: Evolution, Information: The Evolution of Varied Subunit Compositions of Neurotransmitter Receptors Allowed for Precise Control of Neuronal Regulation
42.5 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 43: Neuroscience II: Evolution, Structure, and Function of the Nervous System
43.1 The Evolution and Development of Nervous Systems
43.2 Structure and Function of the Nervous Systems of Humans and Other Vertebrates
Core Concepts: Information, Evolution: Many Genes Have Been Important in the Evolution and Development of the Cerebral Cortex
43.3 Cellular Basis of Learning and Memory
Feature Investigation: Gaser and Schlaug Discovered That the Sizes of Certain Brain Structures Differ Between Musicians and Nonmusicians
43.4 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 44: Neuroscience III: Sensory Systems
44.1 An Introduction to Sensation
44.2 Mechanoreception
44.3 Thermoreception and Nociception
44.4 Electromagnetic Reception
44.5 Photoreception
Core Concept: Evolution: Color Vision Is an Ancient Adaptation in Animals
44.6 Chemoreception
Feature Investigation: Buck and Axel Discovered a Family of Olfactory Receptor Proteins That Bind Specific Odor Molecules
44.7 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 45: Muscular- Skeletal Systems and Locomotion
45.1 Types of Animal Skeletons
45.2 Skeletal Muscle Structure and the Mechanism of Force Generation
Core Concept: Evolution: Myosins Are an Ancient Family of Proteins
45.3 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Their Functions
Feature Investigation: Evans and Colleagues Activated a Gene to Produce "Marathon Mice"
45.4 Animal Locomotion
45.5 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 46: Nutrition and Animal Digestive Systems
46.1 Animal Nutrition
46.2 General Principles of Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
46.3 Overview of Vertebrate Digestive Systems
46.4 Mechanisms of Digestion and Absorption in Vertebrates
Core Concept: Evolution: Evolution and Genetics Explain Lactose Intolerance
46.5 Neural and Endocrine Control of Digestion
46.6 Impact on Public Health
Feature Investigation: Marshall and Warren and Coworkers Demonstrated a Link Between Bacterial Infection and Ulcers
Chapter 47: Control of Energy Balance, Metabolic Rate, and Body Temperature
47.1 Use and Storage of Energy
47.2 Regulation of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
Core Concept: Evolution: A Family of GLUT Proteins Transports Glucose in All Animal Cells
47.3 Energy Balance and Metabolic Rate
Feature Investigation: Coleman Revealed a Satiety Factor in Mammals
47.4 Regulation of Body Temperature
47.5 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 48: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
48.1 Types of Circulatory Systems
Core Concept: Evolution: A Four-Chambered Heart Evolved from Simple Contractile Tubes
48.2 The Composition of Blood
48.3 The Vertebrate Heart and Its Function
48.4 Blood Vessels
48.5 Relationship Among Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, and Resistance
48.6 Physical Properties of Gases
48.7 Types of Respiratory Systems
48.8 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Respiratory System
Feature Investigation: Fujiwara and Colleagues Demonstrated the Effectiveness of Administering Surfactant to Newborns with RDS
48.9 Mechanisms of Gas Transport in Blood
48.10 Control of Ventilation
48.11 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 49: Excretory Systems
49.1 Excretory Systems in Different Animal Groups
49.2 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Kidney
Core Concept: Evolution: Aquaporins in Animals Are Part of an Ancient Superfamily of Channel Proteins
49.3 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 50: Endocrine Systems
50.1 Types of Hormones and Their Mechanisms of Action
50.2 Links Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
50.3 Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Energy Balance
Feature Investigation: Banting, Best, MacLeod, and Collip Were the First to Isolate Active Insulin
50.4 Hormonal Control of Mineral Balance
Core Concept: Evolution: Hormones and Receptors Evolved as Tightly Integrated Molecular Systems
50.5 Hormonal Control of Growth and Development
50.6 Hormonal Control of Reproduction
50.7 Impact on Public Health
Chatper 51: Animal Reproduction and Development
51.1 Overview of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Feature Investigation: Paland and Lynch Provided Evidence That Sexual Reproduction May Promote the Elimination of Harmful Mutations in Populations
51.2 Gametogenesis and Fertilization
51.3 Human Reproductive Structure and Function
51.4 Pregnancy and Birth in Mammals
Core Concept: Evolution: The Evolution of the Globin Gene Family Has Been Important for Internal Gestation in Mammals
51.5 General Events of Embryonic Development
51.6 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 52: Immune Systems
52.1 Types of Pathogens
52.2 Innate Immunity
Core Concept: Evolution: Innate Immune Responses Require Proteins That Recognize Features of Many Pathogens
Feature Investigation: Lemaitre and Colleagues Identify an Immune Function for Toll Protein in Drosophila
52.3 Adaptive Immunity
52.4 Impact on Public Health
Chapter 53: Integrated Responses of Animal Organ Systems to a Challenge to Homeostasis
53.1 Effects of Hemorrhage on Blood Pressure and Organ Function
53.2 The Rapid Phase of the Homeostatic Response to Hemorrhage
Core Concept: Evolution: Baroreceptors May Have Evolved to Minimize Increases in Blood Pressure in Vertebrates
Feature Investigation: Cowley and Colleagues Determined the Function of Baroreceptors in the Control of Blood Pressure in Mammals
53.3 The Secondary Phase of the Homeostatic Response to Hemorrhage
53.4 Impact on Public Health
UNIT VIII: Ecology
Chapter 54: An Introduction to Ecology and Biomes
54.1 The Scale of Ecology
Feature Investigation: Callaway and Aschehoug's Experiments Showed That the Secretion of Chemicals Gives Invasive Plants a Competitive Edge over Native Species
54.2 Ecological Methods
54.3 The Environment's Effect on the Distribution of Organisms
Core Concept: Information: Temperature Tolerance May Be Manipulated by Genetic Engineering
54.4 Climate and Its Relationship to Biological Communities
54.5 Major Biomes
54.6 Biogeography
Chapter 55: Behavioral Ecology
55.1 The Influence of Genetics and Learning on Behavior
Core Concept: Evolution: Some Behavior Results from Simple Genetic Influences
55.2 Local Movement and Long-Range Migration
Feature Investigation: Tinbergen's Experiments Showed That Digger Wasps Use Landmarks to Find Their Nests
55.3 Foraging Behavior and Defense of Territory
55.4 Communication
55.5 Living in Groups
55.6 Altruism
55.7 Mating Systems
Chapter 56: Population Ecology
56.1 Understanding Populations
56.2 Demography
Feature Investigation: Murie's Construction of a Survivorship Curve for Dall Mountain Sheep Suggested That the Youngest and Oldest Sheep Were Most Vulnerable to Predation by Wolves
56.3 How Populations Grow
Core Concept: Evolution: Hexaploidy Increases the Growth of Coast Redwood Trees
Chapter 57: Species Interactions
57.1 Competition
Feature Investigation: Connell's Experiments with Barnacle Species Revealed Each Species' Fundamental and Realized Niches
57.2 Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism
57.3 Mutualism and Commensalism
57.4 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control
Chapter 58: Communities and Ecosystems: Ecological Organization on Large Scales
58.1 Patterns of Species Richness and Species Diversity
58.2 Species Richness and Community Stability
58.3 Succession: Community Change
58.4 Island Biogeography
Feature Investigation: Simberloff and Wilson's Experiments Tested the Predictions of the Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
58.5 Food Webs and Energy Flow
58.6 Biomass Production in Ecosystems
Chapter 59: The Age of Humans
59.1 Human Population Growth
59.2 Global Warming and Climate Change
59.3 Pollution and Human Influences on Biogeochemical Cycles
Feature Investigation: Stiling and Drake's Experiments with Elevated CO[sub(2)] Showed an Increase in Plant Growth but a Decrease in Herbivore Survival
59.4 Pollution and Biomagnification
59.5 Habitat Destruction
59.6 Overexploitation
59.7 Invasive Species
Chapter 60: Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
60.1 Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem Diversity
60.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
Feature Investigation: Ecotron Experiments Analyzed the Relationship Between Ecosystem Function and Species Richness
60.3 Value of Biodiversity to Human Welfare
60.4 Conservation Strategies
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix B: Answer Key
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