Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
PART 1 Evolution of Biological Concepts
CHAPTER 1 Biological Basis of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Historical Perspective
Introduction
Orthodontic treatment in the ancient world, the Middle Ages, and through the Renaissance period: Mechanics, but few biological considerations
Orthodontic treatment during the Industrial Revolution: Emergence of identification of biological factors
Orthodontic tooth movement in the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries: From light microscopy to tissue engineering and stem cells
Conclusions and the road ahead
References
CHAPTER 2 Biology of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: The Evolution of Hypotheses and Concepts
Introduction
Hypotheses about the biological nature of OTM: The conceptual evolution
Bioelectric signals in orthodontic tooth movement
Concluding remarks
References
PART 2 Mechanics Meets Biology
CHAPTER 3 Cellular and Molecular Biology of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Introduction
Entities important for tooth movement – the players in the game
Biomechanical characteristics of the PDL
General regulatory mechanisms
Effects of orthodontic force application
Cell biological processes during relapse and retention
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 4 Inflammatory Response in the Periodontal Ligament and Dental Pulp During Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Introduction
Inflammation during tooth movement
Inflammatory mediators in OTM
Activation of inflammation, apoptosis, and cell cycles of PDL in OTM
Response of the dental pulp to mechanical forces
Pain during OTM
Root resorption and inflammation
Root resorption in the cementum
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 5 The Effects of Mechanical Loading on Hard and Soft Tissues and Cells
Introduction
Mechanobiology
Mechanotransduction in bone tissue
Mechanotransduction in periodontal tissues
The role of marginal gingiva in orthodontic tooth movement
Marginal gingiva is the mechanosensor of the periodontium
ATP-purinoreceptors are mechanosensors in marginal gingiva
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
CHAPTER 6 Biological Aspects of Bone Growth and Metabolism in Orthodontics
Introduction
Basic concepts of bone growth and development
Genetic mechanisms for environment adaptation
Factors influencing bone remodeling and modeling
Cortical bone remodeling
Trabecular bone remodeling
Growth and development of facial bones
Temporomandibular joint development and mature adaptation
Tooth movement and bone modeling
Dental facial orthopedics and bone modeling
Calcium metabolism and tooth movement
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
CHAPTER 7 Mechanical Load, Sex Hormones, and Bone Modeling
Introduction
Osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation and function
Osteocytes
Osteoclast differentiation and function
Sex hormones and their receptors
Osteoblasts and osteocytes respond to load-induced modeling
Osteoclast response to load-induced modeling
Role of sex hormones for the osteogenic effect of loading
Sex hormones and OTM
Acknowledgements
References
CHAPTER 8 Biological Reactions to Temporary Anchorage Devices
Introduction
Clinical factors in the success of TADs
Mechanical analysis using finite element models
Histological reactions
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 9 Tissue Reaction to Orthodontic Force Systems. Are we in Control?
Introduction
Pressure–tension theory: Still valid?
The influence of the material properties
The influence of the morphology of the alveolar wall
The influence of force level
The influence of the interaction with occlusion
Conclusions
Where are we now? How should we continue?
References
PART 3 Inflammation and Orthodontics
CHAPTER 10 The Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on Oral Microbiology
Introduction
Changes in the oral microbiome with removable orthodontic appliances
Changes in the oral microbiome with fixed orthodontic appliances
Effects of different orthodontic bracket types on oral microbiome
Changes in the oral microbiome with orthodontic retainers
Importance of oral hygiene
Impacted teeth, mini-implants, orthognathic surgery and changes in oral microbiota
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 11 Markers of Paradental Tissue Remodeling in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva of Orthodontic Patients
Why study oral fluids?
What is known about markers in oral fluids during orthodontic tooth movement?
What is needed for improved diagnostic trials of markers in oral fluids during orthodontic treatment?
Variables associated with the collection and analysis of GCF
The future
Conclusions
References
PART 4 Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment
CHAPTER 12 Genetic Influences on Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Introduction
Tissue reactions to application of mechanical forces
Reaction of the pulp tissues
Genetic influences and translational applications
Complications of OTM and its genetic implications
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 13 Precision Orthodontics: Limitations and Possibilities in Practice
Introduction
Progression in DNA analysis technology and its impact on clinical research and practice
Precision oral healthcare
From personalized to precision orthodontics
Support of next generation sequencing, other genetic studies, and the utility of their application in orthodontics
Education
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 14 The Effect of Drugs, Hormones, and Diet on Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Introduction
Prostaglandins and analogues
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Antiresorptive agents
Asthma medications
Corticosteroids
Antihistamines
Statins: cholesterol-lowering drugs
Drugs inducing gingival enlargement
Anticholinergic drugs
Psychiatric drugs
Hormonal influences on tooth movement
Effects of vitamins, minerals, and diet on tooth movement
Vitamins
Minerals
Fluoride
Lipids
Substance abuse and OTM
Conclusions
References
PART 5 Rapid Orthodontics
CHAPTER 15 Biological Orthodontics: Methods to Accelerate or Decelerate Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Introduction
Early attempts to accelerate tooth movement
Accelerating tooth movement: pharmacological approaches
Accelerating tooth movement: physical stimuli
Surgical approaches
Methods to decelerate tooth movement
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 16 Surgically Assisted Tooth Movement: Biological Application
Introduction
Surgically assisted tooth movement
Biological principles and biomechanical considerations
Historical background
A different perspective: six rules for effective alveolar corticotomy
Clinical examples
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 17 Precision Accelerated Orthodontics: How Micro-osteoperforations and Vibration Trigger Inflammation to Optimize Tooth Movement
Introduction
Sculpting biphasic theory from the bedrock of data
Saturation of the biological response: more does not mean faster
MOPs: hyperlocalized inflammation for safe, minimally invasive accelerated tooth movement
Good vibrations: catabolic response during OTM
Conclusion
References
PART 6 Long-term Effects of Tooth-moving Forces
CHAPTER 18 Mechanical and Biological Determinants of Iatrogenic Injuries in Orthodontics
Introduction
Intraoral iatrogenic effects
Gingival effects
Periodontal changes and alveolar bone loss
Tooth-related changes
Soft tissue irritation
Cytotoxicity and allergic reactions
Extraoral iatrogenic effects
Systemic risks
Swallowing or inhalation of small parts
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 19 The Biological Background of Relapse of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Introduction
Relapse, physiologic recovery, or aging?
The process of relapse
Collagen fibers of the periodontium and relapse
Oxytalan fibers
Conclusions
References
PART 7 Tooth-movement Research
CHAPTER 20 Planning and Executing Tooth-movement Research
Introduction
The scientific method
Evidence generation
Methodologies for tooth-movement research
Studying mechanobiology
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 21 Controversies and Research Directions in Tooth-movement Research
Introduction
The optimal orthodontic force concept
Is tooth movement inflammatory or a mechanotransduction process?
How far are biomarkers useful in validating OTM?
Can we accelerate tooth movement by any means?
Alveolar bone density and shape of the alveolar wall
Gingival recession
Periodontal health
Conclusions
References
Index
EULA