Biological invasions are considered to be one of the greatest threats to the integrity of most ecosystems on earth. This volume explores the current state of marine bioinvasions, which have been growing at an exponential rate over recent decades. Focusing on the ecological aspects of biological invasions, it elucidates the different stages of an invasion process, starting with uptake and transport, through inoculation, establishment and finally integration into new ecosystems. Basic ecological concepts - all in the context of bioinvasions - are covered, such as propagule pressure, species interactions, phenotypic plasticity, and the importance of biodiversity. The authors approach bioinvasions as hazards to the integrity of natural communities, but also as a tool for better understanding fundamental ecological processes. Important aspects of managing marine bioinvasions are also discussed, as are many informative case studies from around the world.
Author(s): Gil Rilov, Jeffrey A. Crooks
Edition: 1
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 668
Contents......Page 8
Section I: Perspectives on Marine Invasions......Page 28
1.1 Introduction – The Problem of Biological Invasions......Page 29
1.2 Invasions as a Tool to Study Nature......Page 31
1.3 Invasion Biology – The Discipline and its Application in the Marine Environment......Page 32
1.4 Structure of the Book......Page 33
1.5 Note on Terminology......Page 34
References......Page 35
2.1 Introduction......Page 38
2.2 Invader Underestimation – Systematics......Page 39
2.3 Invader Underestimation – Biogeographic and Community History......Page 64
2.4 Invader Underestimation – Sampling......Page 67
2.5 The Overestimation of Invader Diversity......Page 68
2.6 Discussion......Page 69
2.7 The Way Forward: Solutions......Page 72
References......Page 73
3.2 The Geographic Range of a Species......Page 82
3.3 Range Shifts......Page 83
3.4 Climate Change and Range Shifts......Page 88
3.5 Contrasting Natural Range Expansions and Biological Invasions......Page 91
References......Page 92
4.1 Introduction......Page 95
4.2 Invasion Pathway Models......Page 97
4.3 Population Models: Invasion Dynamics......Page 98
4.4 Population Models: Invasion Spread......Page 108
4.5 Community Invasibility Models......Page 117
4.6 Summary and Future Directions......Page 118
References......Page 122
Appendix......Page 129
Section II: Invader Arrival......Page 130
5.2 Primary vs Secondary Introductions......Page 131
5.3 Principal Vectors of Marine Invasion......Page 132
5.4 Vector Management......Page 135
References......Page 137
6.1 Introduction......Page 139
6.2 Biofouling......Page 142
6.3 Ballast Water and Sediments......Page 146
6.4 Discussion......Page 148
References......Page 151
7.2 Propagule Pressure......Page 154
7.3 The Resilience of Propagules......Page 156
7.4 Producing Propagules......Page 159
7.5 Inferring Propagule Supply from Current Distributions......Page 160
7.6 Vectors and Propagule Supply......Page 162
7.7 Manipulating Propagule Supply......Page 163
7.8 Conclusions......Page 167
References......Page 168
8.1 Introduction......Page 173
8.2 Identifying the Roles of Source Region, Recipient Region and Vector......Page 174
8.3 Modeling Invasion State Space – Defining and Comparing Species Pools......Page 176
8.4 Some Recent Analyses of Invader Attributes Using Species Pool Comparisons......Page 183
8.5 Discussion......Page 187
References......Page 189
Section III: Invader Establishment......Page 191
9.2 Factors Influencing Numeric and Geographic Growth of Invasive Populations......Page 192
References......Page 193
10.1 Introduction......Page 195
10.2 Phenotypic Plasticity......Page 196
10.3 Phenotypic Plasticity in Marine Systems......Page 201
10.4 Where Phenotypic Plasticity Might Play a Role in Marine Invasions......Page 205
10.5 Examples of Phenotypic Plasticity's Effect in Marine Invasions......Page 209
10.6 Future Research Directions......Page 212
References......Page 214
11.1 Introduction......Page 221
11.2 Reasons for Parasite Escape......Page 223
11.4 Fishes......Page 225
11.5 Molluscs......Page 226
11.7 Conclusion......Page 228
References......Page 229
12.1 Introduction......Page 233
12.2 The Abiotic Filter......Page 234
12.3 Resource Levels......Page 236
12.4 Biotic Resistance and Species Diversity......Page 237
12.5 Facilitation......Page 243
12.6 Disturbance......Page 246
12.7 Historical Context......Page 249
12.8 Conclusion......Page 250
References......Page 251
Section IV: Invader Integration into Ecosystems......Page 257
13.2 Are Most Marine Invasions Ecologically Harmless?......Page 258
13.3 Ecological Interactions of Marine Invaders......Page 260
Reference......Page 261
14.1 Introduction......Page 262
14.2 A Review of the Competition Literature on Marine Invasive Species......Page 263
14.3 Should Competition be Stronger in Human Mediated Invasions?......Page 269
14.4 Caveats to the Conclusion of Strong and Frequent Competition in the Marine Invasion Literature......Page 271
14.5 Future Directions......Page 273
14.6 Conclusion......Page 274
References......Page 275
15.2 The Role of Predation in Marine Communities......Page 278
15.3 Predator-prey Interactions in Invaded Systems: A Literature Review......Page 281
15.4 Conclusion......Page 296
References......Page 298
16.1 Ecosystem-Level Impacts......Page 303
16.2 Engineering......Page 305
16.3 Detecting Engineering Effects......Page 308
16.4 Effects of Exotic Engineers on Abiotic Factors and Processes......Page 310
16.5 Implications......Page 315
References......Page 316
17.1 Introduction......Page 321
17.2 Multitrophic Impacts......Page 322
17.3 Case History #1: The Ecosystem Engineer Spartina in West Coast Estuaries......Page 326
17.4 Case History #2: Contrasting Trophic Effects of a Non-Native and Native Predator in a Central California Estuary......Page 329
17.5 Invasions as Disturbance: A Framework for Understanding Multitrophic-level Impacts......Page 331
17.6 Conclusions......Page 335
References......Page 336
Section V: Management Perspectives......Page 341
18.2 Inaction vs Action......Page 342
18.3 Marine Biosecurity – Prevention, Regulation, and Management of Invasions......Page 343
18.4 Other Management Options......Page 345
References......Page 346
Ballast Water......Page 347
Biological Control......Page 348
19.1 Introduction......Page 350
19.2 International Frameworks......Page 351
19.3 Regional Multi-lateral Frameworks......Page 356
19.4 National Examples......Page 358
19.5 Conclusions......Page 363
References......Page 364
20.1 Introduction......Page 368
20.2 Types of Risk Assessment......Page 372
20.3 Species Level Risk Assessment......Page 373
20.4 Vector Based Risk Assessment......Page 376
20.5 Pathway Risk Assessment......Page 382
20.6 Conclusions......Page 384
References......Page 385
21.1 Introduction......Page 389
21.2 A Predictive Conceptual Model for Post-removal Restoration......Page 391
21.3 Context Dependent Restoration: Invasive English Cordgrass as an Example......Page 394
References......Page 397
Section VI: Geographic Perspectives......Page 400
22.2 The Emerging Global Picture of Marine Invasion – Possibilities and Precautions......Page 401
References......Page 402
23.2 Cnidaria......Page 404
23.6 Amphipoda......Page 407
23.8 Bryozoa......Page 408
23.9 Bivalvia......Page 409
23.10 Gastropoda......Page 411
23.12 Ascidiacea......Page 412
23.15 Patterns and Adequacy of Data......Page 413
23.16 Additional Cryptogenic Species......Page 416
References......Page 417
24.1 Introduction......Page 420
24.2 Status of Marine Invasions in NZ......Page 421
24.3 What is Non-native?......Page 422
24.5 Reasons Why Introductions Continue......Page 424
24.6 Most Common Marine Pathways......Page 425
24.7 The Dynamic Nature of Incursion Risk......Page 426
24.8 Changes in the Source of Invaders......Page 427
24.9 The Complexity of Making Forecasts......Page 429
References......Page 432
25.1 Introduction......Page 435
25.2 Non-native and Cryptogenic Marine Species in Australia......Page 438
25.3 Problems with Lists of Non-Native and Cryptogenic Species......Page 443
References......Page 445
26.1 Introduction......Page 448
26.2 Background Information on the Chilean Marine System......Page 449
26.3 Marine NIS Introductions in Chile......Page 450
26.4 Socio-economic Impacts of NIS......Page 456
26.5 Ecology and Conservation of Marine NIS in Chile......Page 457
26.7 Comparative Analysis of NIS in Chile......Page 459
26.8 Marine NIS Regulations in Chile......Page 461
26.9 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 462
References......Page 463
27.1 Introduction......Page 467
27.2 The Plankton Realm......Page 469
27.3 The Benthic Realm......Page 471
27.4 Fishes......Page 478
27.5 Intentional Introductions Related to Marine Farming......Page 479
27.6 Final Remarks......Page 480
References......Page 481
28.1 Introduction......Page 486
28.2 Description of the Chesapeake Bay Region......Page 488
28.3 Patterns of Invasion in the Chesapeake Bay Region......Page 490
28.4 Conclusions......Page 504
References......Page 509
29.1 Introduction......Page 514
29.2 Non-indigenous Aquatic Species in the North Sea Region......Page 515
29.3 Cryptogenic Species......Page 523
29.5 Case Histories......Page 525
29.6 Conclusions......Page 531
References......Page 532
30.1 Introduction......Page 536
30.2 The Black Sea......Page 539
30.3 The Caspian Sea......Page 543
30.4 The Baltic Sea......Page 547
References......Page 551
31.1 Introduction......Page 555
31.2 The Mediterranean Sea: A "Hotspot" of Marine Bioinvasions......Page 557
31.3 Erythrean Invasion Through the Suez Canal......Page 561
31.4 Lagoons as Invasion Hotspots......Page 570
31.5 Infamous Invaders......Page 572
31.6 Conclusions......Page 575
References......Page 576
32.2 Marine Invaders in Korea and China......Page 582
32.3 Vectors of Invasions into Korean and Chinese Waters......Page 587
References......Page 588
33.1 Habitat Differences in Marine Invasion Rates......Page 591
33.2 An Estuarine Emphasis to Marine Invasion Research......Page 592
33.3 A Synthesis of Global Temperate Invertebrate Data on Invasions......Page 593
33.4 Hypotheses for Higher Invasion Rates of Estuaries vs Coasts......Page 609
33.5 Directions for Future Research......Page 618
References......Page 619
Section VII: Concluding Thoughts......Page 622
34.2 Scientific Considerations......Page 623
34.3 Management Considerations......Page 624
34.4 Social Considerations......Page 625
References......Page 626
C......Page 628
G......Page 629
P......Page 630
Z......Page 631
A......Page 632
C......Page 633
F......Page 635
H......Page 636
M......Page 637
O......Page 638
P......Page 639
S......Page 640
T......Page 641
Z......Page 642
