Biojet Fuel in Aviation Applications: Production, Usage and Impact of Biofuels

Front Cover
BIOJET FUEL IN AVIATION APPLICATIONS
BIOJET FUEL IN AVIATION APPLICATIONS
Copyright
Contents
Preface
BOOK ORGANIZATION BY CHAPTER
CONSISTENT CHAPTER ORGANIZATION
Acknowledgments
1 - Global Aviation and Biojet Fuel Policies, Legislations, Initiatives, and Roadmaps
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Global—International Civil Agency Organization
1.2.1 Carbon Offset and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
1.2.2 Sustainable Aviation Fuels
1.2.3 CORSIA Eligible Fuels
1.2.4 CORSIA Central Registry
1.2.5 CORSIA CO2 Estimation and Reporting Tool
1.2.6 Impact of COVID-19 on CORSIA
1.3 European Union
1.3.1 European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
1.3.2 Renewable Energy Directives
1.3.3 European Advanced Biofuels FlightPath
1.3.4 FlightPath 2050
1.3.5 EU Fuel Quality Directive 98/70/EC
1.3.6 White Paper on Transport
1.4 United Kingdom
1.4.1 Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation
1.4.2 Fuels for Flight and Freight Competition (F4C)
1.5 Scandinavia
1.5.1 Nordic Initiative for Sustainable Aviation
1.5.2 Legislations in Nordic Countries
1.6 United States of America
1.6.1 Renewable Fuel Standard
1.6.2 Farm to Fly
1.6.3 Sustainable Aviation Fuels Northwest
1.6.4 Midwest Aviation Sustainable Biofuels Initiative
1.6.5 California Low Carbon Fuel Standard
1.7 Canada
1.8 Mexico
1.9 Brazil
1.9.1 Brazilian national biofuels policy (RenovaBio)
1.10 Argentina
1.11 China
1.11.1 Civil Aviation Development Fund
1.11.2 China Five-Year plans
1.12 Malaysia
1.13 Japan
1.14 Indonesia
1.15 Australia
1.16 Summary
References
2 - Biojet fuel production pathways
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Oil-to-jet
2.2.1 Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids
2.2.2 Catalytic hydrothermolysis
2.2.3 Hydroprocessed depolymerized cellulosic jet
2.2.4 Commercial flights from oil-based feedstocks
2.3 Alcohol-to-jet
2.3.1 Ethanol-to-jet
2.3.2 Butyl alcohols-to-jet
2.3.3 Challenges and prospects
2.4 Gas-to-jet
2.4.1 Fischer–Tropsch
2.4.2 Biomass-to-fuel
2.4.3 Advances in Fischer–Tropsch technology
2.4.3.1 Biomass gasification technology
2.4.3.2 Fischer–Tropsch reactor
2.4.4 Scientific advances
2.5 Sugar-to-jet
2.5.1 Direct sugar-to-hydrocarbon
2.5.2 Aqueous phase reforming
2.6 Summary
References
3 - Property specifications of alternative jet fuels
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Jet fuel specifications
3.3 Jet fuel from nonconventional sources
3.3.1 SASOL coal-based synthetic fuel
3.3.2 Synthetic jet fuel from biofeedstocks
3.4 Properties of synthetic jet fuel
3.4.1 Fischer–Tropsch hydroprocessed synthesized paraffinic kerosene
3.4.2 Synthesized kerosene with aromatics derived by alkylation of light aromatics from nonpetroleum sources
3.4.3 Synthesized paraffinic kerosene from hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids
3.4.4 Alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffinic kerosene
3.4.5 Synthesized kerosene from hydrothermal conversion of fatty acid esters and fatty acids
3.4.6 Synthesized isoparaffins from hydroprocessed fermented sugars
3.4.7 Coprocessing of biocrude
3.5 Performance characteristics of aviation turbine fuels
3.5.1 Thermal stability
3.5.2 Combustion
3.5.3 Fuel metering and aircraft range
3.5.4 Fuel atomization
3.5.5 Compatibility with elastomer and the metals in the fuel system and turbine
3.5.6 Fuel storage stability and handling
3.5.7 Fuel cleanliness and contamination
3.5.8 Fuel lubricity
3.6 Additives for alternative jet fuels
3.7 Jet fuel certification process
3.8 Summary
References
4 - Combustion performance of biojet fuels
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principles of aircraft emissions
4.2.1 Mechanism of aircraft pollutant formations
4.2.2 Emission index calculation
4.3 Component or rig test for alternative jet fuel
4.3.1 Spray atomization
4.3.2 Ignition
4.3.3 Lean blowout
4.3.4 Emissions of alternative jet fuels
4.3.4.1 Gaseous emissions
4.3.4.2 Particulate matters
4.4 Flight test
4.5 Fundamental combustion properties
4.5.1 Ignition delay time
4.5.2 Derived cetane number
4.5.3 Laminar flame speed
4.5.4 Extinction strain rate
4.5.5 Sooting propensity
4.5.6 Formulation of surrogates for alternative jet fuels
4.6 Summary
References
5 - Economics of biojet fuels
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biojet fuel prices
5.2.1 Sustainable aviation fuel price assessment
5.2.2 Economic viability
5.2.3 Process cost and investment cost
5.2.4 Impacts of subsidies and taxes
5.2.5 Impacts of biojet fuel on travel costs
5.3 Potential feedstock
5.3.1 First-generation feedstock
5.3.2 Second-generation feedstock
5.3.3 Third-generation feedstock
5.3.4 Feedstock cost implications
5.4 Global biojet fuel production
5.5 Barriers to commercialization
5.5.1 Economic barriers
5.5.2 Sustainability barriers
5.5.3 Operational barriers
5.5.4 Societal barriers
5.6 Summary
References
6 - Sustainability of aviation biofuels
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Life cycle assessment of aviation jet fuel
6.2.1 Product allocation
6.2.2 Effect of land use change on emissions
6.3 Alternative jet fuel production pathway
6.4 Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions for different production pathways
6.4.1 Biochemical conversion
6.4.2 Thermochemical conversion
6.4.3 Lipid conversion
6.5 Life cycle emissions values for CORSIA eligible fuel
6.6 Comparison of greenhouse gas emission performance
6.7 Energy balance analysis
6.8 Energy–water–food nexus
6.8.1 Energy–water nexus in biojet fuel production
6.8.2 Energy–food nexus in biojet fuel production
6.8.3 Energy–water–food nexus and holistic considerations for biojet fuel production
6.8.3.1 Limiting factors
6.8.3.2 Energy diversity
6.8.3.3 Emissions
6.8.3.4 Energy–water–food nexus by biojet fuel generations
6.9 Summary
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
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